ALL ACTIVE, EFFECTIVE DECADES (1) OF THE "SUMMER" PHASE

These decades are not only the most important and initial, but also determine the entire tone and style of not only the 60-year cycle, but also the 120-year supercycle and each 600-year stage.




This collection of articles contains only rough material – more detailed information is available in the links under each active decade (analysis and comparison with the meditative decades).



This "active" decade marks the beginning of the five superactive 120-year cycles of the 600-year "summer" stage which we are considering.



Although we are currently interested only in 60-year cycles, it is important to remember that there is a constant alternation of 120-year cycles, each with different styles and emotions. The past "Summer" phase began and ended with a rational, centrifugal style, oriented toward independence. These three cycles were separated by two others, where centripetal sentiments dominated, and thinking was sensual and holistic.



Here, we are setting a simpler task: observing whether the alternation of "active" (action-oriented) and "meditative" decades (passive, focused on perceiving and evaluating reality) is maintained, as it was in the four decades of the 60-year cycle we have already examined.



Until now, we have not seen a single violation of this sequence. (All the violations were only apparent. They were either dating errors, or the author's maturation in a different decade, or a distortion of the truth in favor of rational expediency.)





But let's consider the first decade (No. 1) of the 60-year cycle, which marks the beginning of both the cycle itself and the entire 600-year period. Here, we will find invaluable assistance from the indicator of public sentiment—culture and art—while painting allows us to literally see the nature of changes in historical time:





1405-1414 – Active Decade (the first sixty years of the 120-year rational cycle)











1405 - Death of Tamerlane - (Bulgaria), Uprising against the Turks - (Wales) - Uprising against England (1400-15) - (Switzerland) - Uprising against the Habsburgs (1401-29) - (Moscow) - Theophanes the Greek - icon "The Mother of God", "Severity, laconism, simplicity, generalization, inner beauty, faith, fortitude" - His icon "Deesis" - "Prayer for the human race before the Second Coming of Christ and the Last Judgment", "Energy, drama, generalization, laconism, appeal to people and God, passionate faith, a dynamic figure enclosed in strict geometric forms" - (Paints the Annunciation Cathedral of the Kremlin with A. Rublev) - 1406 - Lithuanian-Muscovite War - 1406-8 - Jacopo della Quercia, tombstone in Luka - "Cold Gothic body and cupids with massive flower garlands, a combination of Gothic and Renaissance" - 1407 - (France), Civil War (up to 35) - (Krakow), Anti-Semitic pogrom - 1408 - (England) Defeat of the Percy Uprising - (Russia) - The Horde burned: Vereya, Dmitrov, Zvenigorod, Kolomna, Mozhaisk, Pereyaslavl, Rostov, Serpukhov, Radonezh, Ryazan, Starodub, Uyadov, Berezovo Pole, Moscow posad, plundered the Trinity-Sergius Monastery - Andrei Rublev, "Apostles and Prophets", fresco of the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir, - "Free, uninhibited movement, eyes fixed on reality", Fragments of the painting, "Symbols "Four Kingdoms", "Figures of animals symbolizing the kingdoms are enclosed in a circle, monumentality, dynamics, power, energy, indomitability", - "Our Lady", "Expression, impulse to the outside, generalization, emotion, movement", - "Apostles Peter and Paul", "Group of saints, "Call to action, a single impulse, passion, faith" - Donatello, "Crucifixion" (1407-8), "Dynamics, expression, suffering, emotionality, turning to the outside" - His, "David", "Youth, movement, challenge, at the feet of the severed head of Goliath" - (France) - Limbourg Brothers (c. 1385-1416), "St. Anthony calming the storm”, “Emotion, activity, excitement, agitation, action aimed at changing external reality, a group seized by a single feeling” - Limbourg Brothers, “St. Jerome Seduced by Dancers”, “Temptation, interest in the external, fear of punishment, desire for piety, prayerful appeal to God” - 1409 - (Samogitia) Uprising against the Teutonic Order - (Leipzig), Foundation of the University - (Samarkand) - Turns into a major center of scientific and cultural life - (Prague) - Jan Hus, “Sermons in Czech against the dominance of Germans in the church, German professors left the university” - (China) - “Temple of Greatness and Beneficence” in the burial complex of Emperor Yong Le, - “Severe grandeur, simplicity, severity, monumentality, laconism, lack of decoration”, “Road of Spirits” leads to the burials, “On both sides of the road, symmetrically standing, sculptural images of large animals - camels and elephants” - 1410 - Grunwald The battle is the defeat of the Teutons by Lithuania, Poland and Russia - The Chinese defeat the Mongols - Antipope John XXIII (1410-15) - (Italy), Lorenzo Monaco, "The Crucifixion", "Waving rocks, sharp, prickly wings of angels, in flight substituting cups for streams of pouring blood, activity, demonstrativeness and edification of the scene" - (Iran), miniature "The single combat of Khosrow with a lion", "Furious struggle, strength, power, protection of the weak, beauty and harmony" - 1411 - (Constantinople) Besieged by the Turks. Byzantium defeats the Turkish fleet – 1413 - (Paris) – Revolt of the Cabochons – Storming of the Bastille, the crowd seized the royal palace, arrested 30 of the queen's confidants (some of them were executed) – 1414-16 - (Byzantium) – satire "The Stay of Mazaris in the Underworld" - "A picture of the terrible moral decline in the upper classes of society"



1405 - (Bulgaria), Uprising against the Turks - (Wales) - Uprising against England (1400-15) - (Switzerland) - Uprisings against the Habsburgs (1401-29) - 1406 - Lithuanian-Muscovite War - 1407 - (France), Civil War (until 1435) - (Krakow), Anti-Semitic pogrom - 1408 - (England) Defeat of the Percy Uprising - 1409 - (Samogitia) Uprising against the Teutonic Order - (Leipzig), Foundation of the University - (Samarkand) - Becomes a center of scientific and cultural life - (Prague) - Sermons of Jan Hus - 1410 - Battle of Grunwald - The Chinese defeat the Mongols - Antipope John XXIII (until 15) - 1411 - (Constantinople) Besieged by the Turks. Byzantium defeats the Turkish fleet - 1413 - (Paris) - Revolt of the Cabochons - Storming of the Bastille - 1414-18 - Council of Constance - the goal is to end the church schism


Read more - (A Decade of Russian Painting 1405-1414 https://forum.artinvestment.ru/blog.php?b=367081)





1465-1474 – Active decade (the second sixtieth year of the 120-year rational cycle)










1465 - (France), "League of the Public Weal" - Resistance to the king. - (Belgium), Hugo van der Goes, the triptych "Golgotha", (65-68), "The Crucified Christ, a motley, chaotically scattered crowd, confusion, running clouds in the clear sky, an agitated pile of hills" - 1465-70 - G. Bellini, "The Dead Christ, surrounded by angels", "Demonstration to the viewer of beauty, nobility and perfection, the eyes of the angels are directed at the viewer, with the skill of the artist - a formal and rational approach" - 1466 - (Bruges) - Lottery for the benefit of the poor - The expulsion of the conspirators from Florence - The uprising in Transylvania - The beginning of the "journey beyond the three seas" of Afanasy Nikitin - 1467-70 - (Bruges) - Hans Memling, "The Last Judgment, the right wing of the triptych", "The Fall of Sinners into the "hell, the dynamics of the fall, chaos, nightmare", - (1467-74), (Belgium) - Joos van Gent, "The Eucharist of the Apostles", "Stormy circular movement, kneeling apostles, flying angels - in the center the dynamic figure of Christ distributing bread for the Eucharist, bright, decorative colors of clothes, affective gesticulation" - 1467 - Venetian-Florentine War (to 68) - Rebellion in Galicia - (Japan), Civil War - 1468 - (Rome), The Pope defines witchcraft as an exceptional crime. Permission for torture. - (Belgium) - Hugo van der Goes, "The Execution of St. "Hippolytus", (the central part of the triptych), "The dynamics of the scene of a cruel execution, the saint being torn apart by horses, tied to them by his hands and feet" - (Florence) - Feast in honor of Plato (at the Villa Careggi) - M. Ficino, "...Beauty is something common to virtue... beauty is something incorporeal... beauty is the radiance of the divine face... to drive out the confusion of passion and fear... beauty... captivating, ignites with burning love." ("About Love", 1469) - 1470 - (Genoa), Foundation of the University - (Belgium) - Hugo van der Goes, "Crucifixion", "The pathos of outstretched arms, drama, lamentation" - (Italy) - Carlo Crivelli, "Saint George", "The grotesque, dynamics, expression, aggression, a rearing horse, the swing of a sword, a defeated dragon, the prickly sharpness of the castle spires" - (Italy) - Francesco del Cosa, "Annunciation", "Dynamism, excitement, tension against the background of rational outline of architecture and perspective - clarity, precision, sharp beauty, careful detailing, optimism, presence here and now" - 1471 - Capture of the Kyiv Principality by the Lithuanians (until 1559, part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1667) - The Moscow-Novgorod War – 1472 – (Munich), Foundation of the University - Navoi, the Sultan’s Grand Vizier – “Construction of schools, hospitals – support for poets, artists, musicians” - “The Great Fire in Moscow”, “Invitation of Italian architects and engineers” (“The Third Rome”) - (Italy) – Francesco del Cosa, “Annunciation” “Rational outline of architecture and perspective – clarity, precision, sharp beauty, careful elaboration of numerous details, optimism, presence here and now, the dynamics of an angel with peacock feathers on his wings” - Antonio del Pollaiolo, “David with the Head of Goliath”, “A severed head between widely spaced legs, a challenge, pride, dynamics, energy, readiness for action” - Sandro Botticelli, “The Return of Judith to Bethulia” (72-73), “Rapid movement, "The severed head of Holofernes, sword in hand, determination, confidence, activity, purposefulness, without hesitation or reflection", "Early Renaissance", (Botticelli's characters were defined, but how different they are from those we know and love!...) - 1473 - b. N. Copernicus - Beginning of construction of the Sistine Chapel - (Mantua, Camera degli Sposi), Andrea Mantegna, "Ceiling, fresco trompe l'oeil", "Circular window into the blue sky, clouds, illusory architecture, angels, cupids on the edges of the balustrade, garlands of flowers, takeoff into the sky" - Carlo Crivelli, "Lamentation of Christ", "Expression of experience, acuity of feelings, thorns of the crown of thorns, dynamics of the group" - Sandro Botticelli, "St. Sebastian", "The martyr, pierced by arrows, does not suffer, a sharp conflict between the scene of martyrdom and the beauty of the body and nature, in favor of the latter, early Renaissance, rationality and formality, the primacy of form over content" - (Germany), Martin Schongauer, "Madonna of the Rose Pavilion", "Formalism, decorativeness, optimism, flatness, rationality, a background of fine openwork flowers" - 1465-74 - Mantegna, fresco "Meeting of Louis Gonzaga...", "Solemnity, clarity, brightness, formality, decorativeness, multi-figure, action here and now, energy"



1465 - (France), "League of the Public Welfare" - Resistance to the king - In England, the War of the Roses (from 55 to 85) continues throughout the decade - 1466 - Expulsion of conspirators from Florence - Uprising in Transylvania - 1467 - Venetian-Florentine War (until 68) - Uprising in Galicia - (Japan), Civil War - 1468 - (Rome) - Torture for witchcraft - 1470 - (Genoa), Foundation of the University - 1471 - Capture of the Kiev Principality by the Lithuanians (until 1559, part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1667) - Moscow-Novgorod War - 1472 - (Munich), Foundation of the University - Navoi, chief vizier of the Sultan - "Construction of schools, Hospitals – Support for Poets, Artists, and Musicians" - "The Great Fire in Moscow," "Invitation of Italian Architects and Engineers" ("Third Rome")


Read more - Paintings from 1465-1474 https://forum.artinvestment.ru/blog.php?b=367101



Here, since we have examined the two active decades that mark the beginning of the 60-year cycles of the first rational 120-year cycle of the "Summer" stage (600 years), it is appropriate to note the striking common rational, ideological, and metaphysical stylistic coloring of their paintings, which can be seen when compared with the art of the following sensual 120 years (1525-1644).





1525-1534 - Active Decade (first sixty years of the 120-year sensual cycle)










1525 – Uprisings in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, the Czech Republic, Lithuania, Asia Minor, Egypt – Baptist sect (Zurich), “Refusal of war, community of property” - “Mannerism” in painting - (Italy) – Giacomo Pontormo, “St. John the Evangelist”, “Energy, activity, dynamics, freedom, relaxedness, monumentality, decorativeness, confidence, readiness for action, determination” - His “St. Family”, “Mannerism, theatricality, excessive gesticulation, exaltation, group expression, excitement, contrast, movement, color and light activity” - (France) – Jean Clouet the Younger, - “Portrait of Francis I” - “Formalism, decorativeness, elegance, sophistication, beauty, wealth, splendor, showiness, shine of silk” - 1526 - Peasants' revolt in Hungary, Moldova, Wallachia and Serbia - (Germany) – Dürer, “The Four Apostles”, “Strong light on a dark background, monumental, strong figures, bright color of clothes, integrity, generalization, inner strength and energy, power and dynamics of folds” - Holbein, “Madonna of Burgomaster Meyer”, “Materialization, reification, realism, activity, theatricalization, staging, demonstrativeness, decorativeness, formality” - Correggio, "The Mystic Marriage of St. Catherine", (26-27) - "Emotionality, activity, bright light, contrast, group dynamics" - 1527 Giacomo Pontormo, "Madonna and Child with St. John", "Mannerism, contrast, activity, group dynamics, affectation, theatricality, freedom of execution" - 1528/9 - (Germany, Basel) - "The rise of Protestantism, iconoclasm, paintings and sculptures were removed and destroyed from churches" - 1529 - (England) - "The Reformation Parliament" (7 years) - Guicciardini "I am... disgusted by the ambition, greed and debauchery of priests" - 1527/9 Titian, "The Death of St. Peter's Cathedral", "High Renaissance, extreme expression, dynamics, contrast, freedom of brushstroke, excitement, aggression, emotional tension" - 1529/30 - Correggio, "Night" (Nativity) - "Blinding light in the night, dynamics, stupefaction, miracle, angels in a cloud, foreshortening, significance and solemnity" - 1530 - Jan van Scorel, "Madonna and Child", "Impulse, dynamics, landscape with a slanting horizon, stormy clouds, eyes directed at an external goal" - (Ibid.), "Presentation in the Temple", "A crowd in colorful clothes, movement, communication, bustle against the background of a majestic, detailed temple, decorativeness" - (Strasbourg) - Hans Baldung, "Cupid", "Flying, frowning warlike Cupid, with an arrow in his raised hand" - 1531 - The Stock Exchange in Antwerp - Hans Baldung, "Adam and Eve", "Paired nude figures, free, uninhibited movements, an apple in a hand, temptation, decorativeness, edification, demonstrativeness" - 1532 - The Church of the Ascension in the village of Kolomenskoye, "Aspiration upward, ascension, the image of an arrow, a rocket, solemnity, musicality" - 1533 - Giacomo Pontormo, "Venus and Cupid", "Movement, dynamics, uninhibitedness, eroticism, demonstrativeness, challenge" - 1534 - "The Anglican Church" - "The Jesuits", "The Society of Jesus", I. Loyola - "The end justifies the means" - P. Aretino, "Discourses", "Attacks on women, cynicism, the glory of an immoral writer" - F. Rabelais - "Gargantua and Pantagruel" - 1532/4 - Michelangelo, "The Genius of Victory", "Expression, dynamics, energy, strength, courage, audacity, challenge, demonstrativeness" - 1534 - Holbein, "Portrait of Charles de Sellier", "The rigidity and piercing gaze directed at the viewer, a dagger in his hands, sharpness, clarity, will, certainty, strength"



1525 – Uprisings in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, the Czech Republic, Lithuania, Asia Minor, Egypt – Baptist sect (Zurich) - 1526 – Peasants' revolt in Hungary, Moldova, Wallachia, and Serbia - 1528/9 – (Germany, Basel) – “The rise of Protestantism, iconoclasm, paintings and sculptures removed and destroyed from churches” - 1529 – (England) – “Reformation Parliament” (7 years) - 1531 – Stock Exchange in Antwerp - 1532 – (Russia), Church of the Ascension in the village of Kolomenskoye - 1534 – “Anglican Church” - (Paris) - “Jesuits”, “Society of Jesus”, I. Loyola – “The end justifies the means”


More details - Mannerism, painting (1525-1534) (60-year-olds) Culture Cycles (1)) https://forum.artinvestment.ru/blog.php?b=367131





1585-1594 - Active decade (the second sixtieth year of the 120-year sensory cycle)









1585 - Giordano Bruno, "Italian Dialogues", "The Philosophy of the Dawn" - "The world is animated ..." - support of absolutism - "On heroic enthusiasm". "Take Fortuna by the hair ..." "Better is a worthy heroic death than an unworthy and vile triumph." - Paolo Veronese, ceiling painting "The Apotheosis of Venice", "Mannerism, grandeur, angles, many people, dynamics, flight, fantasticness, inspiration, architecture, clouds carrying many people, heaven, angels" - (Bologna) - "Academy of those directed to the true path", the Carracci brothers - the prototype of European art academies - 1587 - Annibale Carracci, "The Mystic Marriage of St. Catherine”, (85-7), “Bright light, contrast, excitement, emotional tension, group dynamics, expectation of a miracle” - El Greco, “The Burial of Count Orgaz”, “Monumentality, crowdedness, portraiture of the characters in the burial scene and, formality, expressiveness, exaggerated exaltation, mannerism of the scene in heaven” - Christopher Marlowe, drama “Tamerlane the Great”, “titanic images” - 1588 - Annibale Carracci, “Venus with a Satyr and Cupids”, “Expression, group dynamics, eroticism, joy of life” - (Germany) - Hans von Aachen (1552-1615), “The Judgement of Paris”, “Mannerism, swiftness, impetuous movement, strong emotion, exalted gesticulation, flying Cupid with a wreath, a group seized by a single feeling” – Tintoretto, "The Appearance of St. Roch", "Activity, expression, dynamics, fantastic, stormy movement of many people, realism and energy, emotionality and mastery of painting" - 1589 - K. Marlowe "Faust", "The hero sells his soul to the devil because of his thirst for knowledge and the desire to rule the world" - (Netherlands) - Otto van Veen, "The Mystic Marriage of St. Catherine”, “Mannerism, stormy movement, fluttering fabrics, flying cupids, a mixture of Christian and pagan symbolism” - 1590 – A. Carracci, “Assumption of the Virgin”, “Mannerism, the stunned crowd, the ascension of the Virgin into heaven, stormy clouds, flying angels, swiftness, movement, expression” - G. Arcimboldo, “Vase with Vegetables”, “Mannerism, foreshortening, contrast, energy, dynamics” - J. Basano, “Baptism of Christ”, “Light in the darkness, expression, movement, nudity, the unusualness and significance of the event” - A. Carracci, “Ecstasy of St. Catherine”, Baroque, (Late Renaissance), “Ecstasy, expression, exaltation, dynamics” - (Belgium) – P. Bril. "Jesus Walking on the Water", "Miracle, Stunning, Expression, Power, Rush of the Elements, Energy, Dynamics, Contrast of Light and Darkness" - 1591 - W. Shakespeare, Chronicle Play "Henry VI", "Expression, Dynamics, Aggression, Mass Military Action, Activity, Energy, Intrigue", Tragedy "Romeo and Juliet" (1591/6) - B. Springer, "Minerva as the Conqueror of Ignorance", Mannerism. (Late Renaissance), "Energy, Dynamics, Militancy, Revolutionary Nature, Decisiveness, Relaxation, Freedom" - 1592 - K. Marlowe, Tragedy "The Paris Massacre" (France during the Huguenot Wars, Huguenots as Positive Characters) - An. Carracci, "The Appearance of the Virgin to St. Luke and Catherine", Louvre. Mannerism (Late Renaissance), "Expression, theatricality, decorativeness, color saturation, brightness, dynamism, expressiveness" - El Greco, "The Apostles Peter and Paul", Mannerism (Late Renaissance), "Expression, will, faith, determination, energy, strength, courage, action, contrast" - Ag. Carracci, Pluto, "Power, energy, strength, tension, materiality, nudity" - 1593/4 - W. Shakespeare - erotic poem, "Venus and Adonis" "Pathos, energy, pulsating blood, violent passion, boar hunt, tragic death of Adonis, and with him youth and beauty" - 1594 - Tintoretto (18-94) - "The Last Supper", "Dark background, glow - multi-figure, lively scene, table located diagonally, flying angels, the movement of figures is theatrical."



1585 - (France) - Revocation of the Edict of Toleration. Henry III devotes all his time to fasting, pilgrimages and soul-saving conversations, which was the reason for the "Eighth Huguenot War" (85-98) - (Italy) - Witch hunt (in two villages there was one woman left) - (Cologne) - religious armed conflict (83-88) (Cologne War) - (Riga) - unrest (84-89) - (Pyrenees) - peasant uprising - (Russia) - end of the uprising of the Mari, Chuvash, Mordvins, Tatars (since 81) - Truce between Russia and Sweden (for 4 years) - 1586 - Suppression of the Irish uprising - Moscow, suppression of the uprising against Boris Godunov - 1587 - Execution of Mary Stuart - 1588 - (Paris) - "Day of the Barricades" - religious unrest - (Tashkent) - uprising - Death of the Spanish "Great Armada" - victory of England - 1589 - Rise of Henry of Navarre - "Paris is worth a mass." – Siege of Paris – Assassination of Henry III by a religious fanatic – 1590 – Unification of Japan (Hideyoshi) – 1591 – "Flour Day", the fourth attempt to capture Paris – Uprising of the Cossacks of K. Kosinsky in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Ukraine) (93) – Uprising in Zaragoza, Moldova, Turkey – Riot in Uglich after the death of Tsarevich Dmitry – Troops of the Crimean Khan reach the Moscow region – 1592 – Beginning of the "Croquant" rebellion in France – Peasant unrest (Podlasie), (Belarus) – Arrest of Giordano Bruno, "Better a dignified heroic death than an unworthy and vile triumph", "citizen of the Universe, son of the sun god and mother earth" – 1593 – (England) – Christopher Marlowe is killed – "The Nine Years' War" (Anglo-Irish) (until 1603) - (Rome) - "Academy of St. Luke", Federigo Zucarri (Mannerist) - 1593/4 - London theaters closed due to the plague - 1594 - (France) - End of the "Wars of Religion" (from 62) - Coronation of Henry IV (founder of the Bourbon dynasty) - Nalivaiko Rebellion (Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth), (until 96) - Revolt of the Serbs against Turkey.


More details: Mannerism, Baroque (1) active decade (1585-1594) https://forum.artinvestment.ru/blog.php?b=367161





1645-1654 - Active Decade (the first sixty years of the 120-year Rational Cycle)










1645 - Le Brun, "Daedalus and Icarus", "Expression, dynamics, energy, activity, contrast, heroism, myth, antiquity, baroque" - Rembrandt, "The Holy Family" - "The universe of the family, raised to the level of the cosmos, the greatness of the world of Christianity, harmony, kindness, labor, virtue, flying angels, the energy of a great idea" - Velazquez, "Theatricality, heroization of reality, stormy movement, flying half-naked warlike antique muses with fluttering fabrics, presence here and now, the gaze directed at the viewer, posing" - 1646 - Murillo - "Boys with Fruit" - "Uninhibitedness, spontaneity, naturalness, optimism, dynamics, liveliness, presence and action in unadorned life" - Ostade, "Peasant in a Red Beret", "Freedom, sociability, simplicity of morals, baroque" - Teniers - "Village Festival" - "Folk scene, small figures, dancing, merrymaking, agitated clouds" - Bernini - sculptural group "Ecstasy of St. Teresa" (46) "Against the background of rising golden rays, exaltation, expression, excitement, dynamics" - Lorrain, "The Departure of Ulysses", "Classicism, morning, the beginning of the journey, great hopes, expectation of the best, the rising sun, small figures and the big world" - 1648 - Velazquez, "Venus with a Mirror", "Demonstrative nudity, active line, elastic bend of the body, dynamics of fabrics, expression of painting, baroque" - Poussin, "The Holy Family on the Steps", "Classicism, clarity, sharpness, precision, brightness, contrast, dynamics, unity of movement of the group, monumentality, rationality and integrity of the composition, decorativeness and formality of execution" - 1649 - Poussin, "Landscape with Polyphemus", "Antique myth, heroism and free ease of small nude groups, faith in the future, great hopes, the dynamics of mountains and clouds" - Zurbaran, "St. Bonaventure”, (before 1650), “An angel shows the way to God, the way to truth, movement toward the light, contrast, clarity, brightness of red, dynamics, rationality, unity of a group of priests” - Murillo, “Flight into Egypt”, “On the way to salvation, movement toward goodness and justice, striving for a rational goal, energy, contrast and dynamics of light and color, will and overcoming difficulties for the sake of the future” - 1650 - Poussin, “Assumption of the Virgin Mary”, “Flight into heaven, swiftness, unity, fluttering fabrics, idealism, formal combination of external features of Baroque and Mannerism with the rationalism of classicism” - Rembrandt, “Man in a Golden Helmet”, “Courage, inner strength, will to win, readiness to overcome obstacles, the shine of metal” - (England), Ebizer Copp (“Mad”) “Flying Fire Scroll” - "...The blasphemy that is bright..." "...Look, I, the Most High, have come to you like a thief in the night, with a sword in my hand; and like a thief I demand - give me your purse, do you hear, you fat-bellied one! Give it back, or I'll slit your throat" - 1651 - Bourdon, "The Finding of Moses", "Formal, spectacular, decorative, sketchy, striking, monumental, rational" - Hobbes, "Man is a wolf to man... the war of all against all... the need for a strong state... Only the present has existence in nature... Freedom... absurdity... The growth of knowledge is the path, and the well-being of the human race is the goal... Nature has created men equal... Knowledge is the only path to strength" - 1652 - Soto de Rojas, poem "Paradise closed to many, a garden open to the elect" - Muggleton proclaims the era of the "triumph of the spirit" - Winstanley "The Law of Liberty", "... Poverty will disappear, a republic will reign, suffrage will be introduced and people will be free in their beliefs" - 1653 - Jordaens, "Suzanne and the Elders", "Baroque, volume, contrast, materiality, sin, grotesque, exaggeration" - Louis XIV (the Sun King), entered the parliament hall with a whip in his hand and declared: "You thought, gentlemen, that the state is you. You were mistaken, the state is me" - England, "there were many... who called themselves Christs, prophets, Virgin Marys and the like" - 1654 - Rembrandt, "Portrait of an Old Man", "Dark background, head and hands sculpted with powerful light, materiality, corporeality, the sensibility of the moment, its comparison with the lived life, depth, hidden passion and drama" - Vermeer, "Diana with the Nymphs", "Ancient myth, bright color, formality, decorativeness, musicality"



1645 - Thirty Years' War in Europe (1618/48) - End of the Danish-Swedish War (from 43) - Uprising near Samarkand (to 80) - Dutch bourgeois revolution (21-48) - Peasant war in China (overthrow of the Ming dynasty) (28-47) - Uprising in Catalonia (40-52) - England, War of the Three Kingdoms (39-53), civil war of the king and parliament (42-46) - Civil war in Scotland (44-47) - In China, the Manchus slaughtered more than 100 thousand - Bashkir uprising - 1646 - End of the civil war in England (from 42) - Charles I Stuart surrendered to the Scots - 1647 - (England) - "People's Agreement" - Levellers (Equalizers) - End of the peasant war in China (since 28), the fall of the Ming dynasty – Popular uprisings in Palermo and Naples - The end of the Civil War in Scotland (since 44) - Counter-revolutionary coup in London (Presbyterians against Independents) – 1648 – End of the Thirty Years' War - "Peace of Westphalia" (the concept of the role and status of the nation state was formed for the first time) - consolidation of the fragmentation of Germany - the economy was destroyed, about 60% of the population was destroyed - End of the Dutch Bourgeois Revolution (since 21) – Uprising in China against the Qing conquerors – Uprising against Poland (48-54), Bohdan Khmelnytsky, capture of Kyiv – (France), Fronde - a compromise between the bourgeoisie and the nobility. (Anti-government turmoil until 53) - Establishment of the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture. – 1649 - (England) – execution of Charles I Stuart - proclamation of the republic - the "Mad" sect - "God is in every being" - Liquidation of the House of Lords - Leveller leaders imprisoned in the Tower - (France), "capitulation of parliament to the king" - Establishment of serfdom in Russia - Death of the infant heir Dmitry - Prohibition of the English from trading in Russia - 1650 - Uprising in Pskov and Novgorod - 1651 - Approval of the annexation of Ukraine to Russia (Bohdan Khmelnitsky) - Irkutsk founded - (China) Uprising against the Manchus - (Holland) Uprising of the lower classes - (Czech Republic) decrees against the Reformation - (Poland) peasant uprisings - Plunder of Kyiv by Radziwill - 1652 - (Russia) - Nikon elected patriarch, the beginning of the schism of the church - End of the rebellion in Catalonia (since 1640) – 1653 - (England) – protectorate – military dictatorship of Cromwell - Conquest of Ireland by Cromwell - End of the War of the Three Kingdoms (since 1639) - Dispersal of the Long Parliament by Cromwell - (France) – Defeat of the Fronde by Louis XIV (since 1648) – In Russia, Nikon’s church reform (Strengthening the church and the idea of its primacy over secular power.) - opponent of Nikon’s reform, Archpriest Avvakum, is arrested and exiled to Siberia - “The Tsar’s decree on the acceptance of the Zaporozhian army “with their cities and lands” into Russian citizenship and on the declaration of war on the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth” - Kharkov is founded – 1654 - (Moscow) – Pestilence (plague) – unrest – protest against corrections in church books - The Beginning Anglo-Spanish War (to 1660) – Russo-Polish War (to 1667) – Louis XIV crowned.


More details: Classicism (1) Active Decade 1645-1654 https://forum.artinvestment.ru/blog.php?b=367191





1705-1714 - The Active Decade (the second sixty years of the 120-year Rational Cycle)




If 60 years earlier, the painting of the decade (1645-1654) beginning the first half of the Rational Cycle was more objective, serious, and objective, then here, as we will see, the painting of the decade beginning the second half of this cycle is more ethereal, dreamy, and abstracted.









1705 – Newton is knighted - Crespi, “Excited nature, dynamics and eroticism, rococo” - 1707 – Lesage, - the novel “The Lame Devil”, “Panorama of the decay of morals” - Antoine Pen, “Portrait ...”, “Freedom, uninhibitedness, dynamics, theatricality, energy, gesticulation, open curtain, expression” - 1708 – Shaftesbury, “... Give freedom to a sharp mind ... Love society, strive for the good of the universe ...” - Antoine Watteau, “Satire, energy, bright light, integrity of image, boldness and freedom of the brush, irony, humor, ridicule of seriousness, importance and pathos” - 1709 – Shaftesbury, “(Man) as a citizen of the world”, “gallantry is the plant of our days”, “Virtue ... a fashionable word”, “Order, union and harmony of the whole!”, “... Freedom ... from passions and base interests...”, “...Courageous independence, nobility, generosity.” «…The spirit of irony…» «…Passion is poison for the mind» «…Honesty and moral truth… beauty is truth» «…simplicity, clarity and unity of contemplation…» «The spirit of the pedant does not meet the demands of the century» - (England), the first magazine «Chatterbox» - 1710 - J. Berkeley, «Denies the existence of matter» - Destouches, the founder of the «touching comedy» - Shaftesbury, «…A civilized age… Modesty, indulgence, … philanthropy…» Solimena, (Italy), «Rich color, formality, decorativeness, pathos and theatricality» - 1711 - A. Pope, «Rationalism… idealization» - Swift, the idea of «Gulliver» - 1712 - Watteau, «The Bird's Nest», «The agitated world of the soul, the emotional whirlpool of nature, tender feelings involved in the energy and movement of the elements, pastoral”, “Wedding in a Landscape”, “Expression and unity of man and the world, dynamics and whirlwind of emotions, mass character, collectivity, spontaneity, involvement in a common action, rococo” - “Happy Pierrot”, “An imaginary world of the unity of man and nature, music, love, happiness and mutual understanding, justice, goodness and universal peace” - 1713 - J. Berkeley, “... Sensual things cannot exist otherwise than in the mind, or in the spirit. …they have no real existence…there is an infinite, omnipresent spirit…” - Watteau, “Feast in the Park”, “The search for joy, goodness, peace, beauty, compassion and love, an imaginary world of harmony between man and nature, pastoral, rococo” - Audrey, “Still Life with Birds and Insects”, “Allegory of beauty, grace, transience and frailty of life; rococo”



1705 - The Great Northern War in Europe (1700 to 21) - (Astrakhan) - Uprising caused by taxes of Peter I (he was 33 years old) (and a ban on wearing beards and Russian dress), - Bashkir uprising (1704-11) - unrest in Languedoc (France) (1705-9) - peasant uprisings in Bavaria (1705-6) - peasant uprising in Moravia - civil war in Poland - 1706 - (Astrakhan) - Suppression of the uprising (365 rebels executed). – Mazepa conducts secret negotiations (with the Swedes and Poles from 5 to 7) – 1707 - Union of England and Scotland (formation of Great Britain) - Uprising in Samogitia - Uprising against the Safavids (Iran) – (Russia) 1707-1709 - Bulavin rebellion - the first hospital in Russia - Earthquake in Japan killed about 5 thousand people. – 1708 - Siege of Kazan by the rebels (40 thousand people) (continuation of the Bashkir uprising (1704-11) – 1709 – Defeat of the Swedes at Poltava – End of the Northern War (since 1700) (Peter I is 37 years old) - After Russia's victory – anti-Swedish alliance of Prussia, Saxony and Denmark, and then Russia – Sheremetyev besieges Riga, Menshikov enters Poland, which becomes an ally of Russia – End of the Bulavin Uprising (since 1707) - Unusually cold winter in Europe in late 1708 - early 1709, which became the coldest winter in Europe in the last 500 years – In England – the “Great Frost” (-12 °C) in France the “Great Winter” (-15 °C) – About 1,000 people died from hunger in France by the end of 1710 600,000 people (in Paris 24,000 people) - "Minimum of sunspots" - In 1709, active construction of St. Petersburg began, which became the new capital of Russia (founded in 1703) - forced mobilization of 1,000 Bashkirs for the construction of the capital, which caused unrest - 1710 - The construction of the Palace of Versailles was completed - (Saxony) - porcelain production was founded - 1710-1713 - Russo-Turkish War - The Russian army of B. P. Sheremetev occupied all of Livonia and Estonia (Riga and Tallinn were taken) - Russian troops took: Dunamünde, Pernov, Arensburg and Elblag (Prussia) - 1711 - (England), Tory coup - Uprising in the Czech Republic - Peasant unrest in Slovakia (13 each), - Unrest peasants in Lithuania - Rebels in Serbia - end of the Bashkir uprising (from 04) - (Russia) - Reform - abolition of the boyar duma - creation of a senate of 9 people - Beginning of construction of the Winter Palace - Treaty of the Pruth (Russia's failure in Turkey) - 1712 - Transfer of the capital to St. Petersburg - Unrest in Vilnius - 1713 - (Prussia), Friedrich Wilhelm I, the "Soldier King" - Russia occupies Helsinki - Crimean Khan, raid on Ukraine - 1714 - (England) - Constitutional monarchy - Victory of the "Whigs" (liberals) over the "Tories" (conservatives - for the king) - End of the War of the Spanish Succession (from 1701) - Victory of Peter I over the Swedes at Gangut Surrender of the Swedish squadron - The Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences is founded - Decree "on "A ban on the construction of stone houses throughout the state for several years" (in connection with the construction of the capital)


Read more: Rococo, a world of love. (1) Active decade 1705-1714 https://forum.artinvestment.ru/blog.php?b=367221




1765-1774 - The Active Decade (the first sixty years of the 120-year Sensuous Cycle)




While 60 years earlier, in the active decade of the Rational Cycle, painting and all artistic subjects were viewed primarily from a distance, through a rational and idealistic lens, here, on the contrary, subjects emerge directly from life, evoked by emotion and feeling. The veil of detachment and rationality is lifted, and reality appears before us as if washed, romantic, vibrant, alive, immediate, and unpredictable.









Jean-Honoré Fragonard, 1732-1806, "The Happy Possibilities of a Swing," 1767 – France



Light, rapid movement, joy of life, flight, light, blaze of colors, beauty of nature, inspiration[/CENTER]




1765 – Europe is gradually recovering from the nightmare of the “Seven Years’ War” (1756-63, similar to the world wars of the 20th century) – Walpole writes the first “Gothic novel”, where he “combines the real, the familiar and the natural with the supernatural, the mysterious, the mystical and the wonderful”, and Herder calls for “an alliance of philosophers and plebeians” and reflects on “how to make philosophy useful to the people” - In Mengs’s “Adoration of the Shepherds”, “Stormy excitement, expression, excitement, dynamics, activity, emotional movement in all directions, intensity of feelings, multi-figure, light-color contrast”, in his “Helios”, “The embodiment of the ideal, flight, optimism, brightness, inspiration, focus on the earthly, active bringing of light and good to Earth, faith in the possibilities of man” - 1766 – In Tiepolo, in his grandiose "Apotheosis", "Faith in the power and possibilities of man, the free flight of many people among the clouds, optimism" - Fragonard, "Freedom, lightness, sensual joy, movement, ease, optimism, faith in a better future, emotionality" - Robert, "The romantic element of the life of an ancient city" - Chardin, "Still life with attributes of the arts", "Dynamics invading the quiet life of things" - 1767 - Fragonard, "The happy possibilities of a swing", "Flight, light, blaze of colors, the beauty of nature, inspiration" - In the drama "Eugenie" by Beaumarchais, "Truthfulness and touchingness ... a lively, hasty, torn, stormy speech of passions" - 1768 - Stern, "Sentimental Journey", "Oh, dear sensitivity! ...", "Sentimentalism" - In Goethe, at the age of 19, "spiritual crisis" - Rokotov, "Internal tension" - West, "Active striving for good, light and justice" - Romney, "Freedom, activity, movement, naturalness, spontaneity, optimism, faith in the future, rococo, romanticism" - Wright, "Atmosphere of collective expectation, miracle, mystery, surprise, emotional capture; "faith in science" - Falconet begins work on "The Bronze Horseman", "He rose higher with his defiant head, the Alexandrian Column" - 1769 - Fragonard, "Energy, a sharp turn, a look at the viewer's reaction, inspiration, impulse, expression, swiftness, emotionality, overwhelmed by feeling, Rococo, Romanticism" - Klopstock, "Hill and Grove", "against classicism, rules and norms, for national originality, predecessor of the Romantics, sentimentalism" - 1770 - Rousseau "Confessions", "the truth of human nature" - Holbach, "The System of Nature" (materialism) - In France, a trial against the authors of seditious books - Gainsborough, "Energy, determination, freedom, readiness for action, absence of doubts, faith in the future, brightness of colors, confidence of the brush" - 1771 - Goethe on Shakespeare, "... Unity The place seemed to me as terrifying as a dungeon, the unity of time and action like heavy chains fettering the imagination. I broke out into the fresh air... What we call evil is only the reverse side of good... and belongs to the whole..." - 1772 - "Planetary scale" in Goethe's play "Mahomet" - "The Union of the Grove" (Göttingen Literary Union), "against the pernicious influence of French rationalism - for "ancient German freedom" - 1773 - Goethe, the drama "Goetz von Berlichingen", "titanic aspirations", "strong personality" (success), the first edition of "Faust" - Herder, the collection "On the German Character in Art" - the first literary manifesto of "Storm and Stress", "about poetry from which naturalness, genuineness of feelings, passion have gone" - Beaumarchais's play "The Barber of Seville" - Goldsmith's farce "The Night of Errors", "rough farcical humor, liveliness" (success) - Fragonard - "The Crowning of Love" - expression, exaltation, theatricality - Levitsky, "Portrait", "Movement, ease, spontaneity, playfulness, optimism" - 1774 - Goethe, "The Sorrows of Young Werther" - a sentimental novel in letters (in Europe, a wave of imitative suicides) - Wright, "Grotto in the Gulf of Salerno", "Mystery, moonlit night, romanticism, sail, freedom, an alluring future" - (Krichev) - Potemkin, "Transplant British culture... to Belarus"



1765 - (Britain), Stamp duty from the colonies in America - The Sons of Liberty organization in the American colonies - Bostonians sacked the governor's house - Resettlement of German colonists in the Volga region (from 63 to 66) - 1766 - (London) - (Spain), "Hunger riots" - Christie's auction house - (Sweden), Freedom of the Press Act - 1767 Liquidation of the Jesuit Order in Spain and Naples - Peasant uprising in Moravia - Catherine II - prohibition of peasants from complaining about landowners - 1768 - Peasant uprising in Normandy (France), Uprising of Ukrainian peasants against the Poles - In Right-Bank Ukraine, the Haidamak uprising "Koliivshchyna" and the Uman massacre (from 15 to 20 thousand victims) - Russo-Turkish War (74 each) - The criminal and civil codes in Austria - Liquidation of the Jesuit Order in Parma and Piacenza - Expedition of James Cook (under 71) - 1769 - (England) - Law - execution for destruction of machinery - J. Watt - patent for a steam engine - (Egypt) - Revolt of the Bedouins - Revolt in Syria and Palestine (against the Turks) - Military actions on the Danube, in Crimea and in Transcaucasia, where Russian troops entered at the invitation of Georgia, which accepted the patronage of Russia - Terrible famine in Bengal. About a third of the population died (69-70) - Beginning of the issue of banknotes in Russia - 1770 - Plague in Kyiv - Plague riot in Moscow - Unrest in Rouen and Reims - Russia's victory over the Turks in Chesma Bay, the Dardanelles are blocked - (France) - Trial against the authors of seditious books - 1771 - (Moscow) - plague riot - Vvedenskoye, Vagankovskoye and Preobrazhenskoye cemeteries were founded in Moscow - Famine and peasant unrest in Sweden (73 each) - Weavers' strike in Lyon - (England) - The first water-powered weaving mill - First edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica - Russia occupies Crimea - 1772 - (England) - Acute financial crisis - Sweden, a new constitution that strengthened royal power - Coup in the Danish-Norwegian Kingdom – Uprising in Sichuan - Expulsion of European missionaries from China - Treaty between Russia, Austria, and Prussia - First Partition of Poland - Musical Club in St. Petersburg – 1773 - (Rome) - Abolition of the Jesuit Order - Boston Tea Party - Beginning of the Revolutionary War of the English colonies in North America - Great Britain recognized the independence of the American colonies – Pugachev's Rebellion (until 1775) – 1774 - King of France Louis XVI of Bourbon (until 1792) – Strike of the Lyon Weavers - End of the Russo-Turkish War (from 1768) – (Austria), Maria Theresa expels Jews from Prague, Bohemia, and Moravia


Read more: Feeling, Emotion, Romanticism (1) Active decade 1765-1764 https://forum.artinvestment.ru/blog.php?b=367241





1825-1834 Active Decade (the second sixty years of the 120-year sensory cycle)









1825 – Pushkin, “From the magazines I see an extraordinary fermentation of thoughts... The goal of poetry is poetry...” - Bestuzhev, “... A thirst for the new... geniuses boldly rush around the crowd in search of a new land of the moral and material world... looking back, one can remain a century ago... the rights of citizenship to the dear guest - romanticism...” - In Palmer’s “Self-Portrait” “Activity, internal tension, energy, the clash of the inner and outer worlds” - 1826 – In Cooper’s novel “The Last of the Mohicans” “a mad and continuous chase” - Hugo turns to the knightly Middle Ages in the collection “Odes and Ballads” - In Blechen’s painting “Gothic Ruins”, “Another reality, departure from the bourgeois world, imagination, strangeness, bizarreness, striving upward, romanticism” - In Kiprensky “Faith in one’s own strength and future, human dignity, freedom, energy, optimism" - In Shchedrin's small painting "View of the Grotto in Sorrento" "The grandeur of nature, tectonic forces, grandeur, the emergence from darkness into light, great hopes" - In Corot's landscape "The joy of life, optimism, freedom, faith in a better future" - In Delacroix "the memory of the dead Byron, a call to fight, expression, romanticism" - Pushkin reports: "Moscow is noisy and busy with festivities..." "...Poetry... must be a bit stupid..." - 1827 - Goethe declares: "National literature now means little, the time has come for world literature..." - Hugo in the preface to the drama "Cromwell": "Romanticism is the denial of authority and tradition, freedom, nature, truth, inspiration - the sublime and the grotesque" - In Bryullov's "Italian Noon": "The joy of life, desire, lust, optimism, dynamics, energy, freedom and ease" - In Constable's "Seascape with Rain Cloud": "Expression, dynamics, energy, strength and power of nature, boldness and confidence of the brush, decisiveness, bite, freedom and mastery of execution" - 1828 - Tyutchev exclaims: "I love a thunderstorm in early May..." - Overbeck the Nazarene in the painting "Italy and Germany" "affirms faith in the victory of goodness, beauty and justice" - 1829 - Chopin begins his concert career - Pushkin: "...All society is in amazing excitement, having fun until they drop..." - Mazzini: "All over Europe, some kind of breath of new life is stirring minds... Norms are stifling genius... Social man in action... sings of universal feelings, eternal truths... freedom..." - 1830 - Delacroix "Freedom leading the people", "Expression, movement, group dynamics, emotional excitement, contrast of light and color, determination, belief in one's own rightness, action without hesitation and doubt" - Pushkin "...Freedom is more to the heart than our prim correctness..." - Tyutchev - "Blessed is he who visited this world in its fateful moments..." - In the portrait of Karl Begas "A look into the eyes of the viewer, presence here and now, spontaneity, freedom, confidence, determination, activity, dynamics, energy, nobility, integrity" - 1831 - Goethe in the second part of Faust - "Only he is worthy of life and freedom who goes to battle for them every day!" - 1832 – Donizetti, opera "The Elixir of Love" - Bryullov, "The Horsewoman" - "Emotion, movement, freedom, spontaneity, grace, romanticism" - 1833 - "... A long-haired, bearded young man... a red beret... a cashmere scarf... embroidered on his vest... Rousseau... tight trousers... a fashionable cane... he is a cosmopolitan... a Saint-Simonian!" - Bryullov, "The Last Day of Pompeii", "Expression, dynamism, movement, confusion of the crowd, emotional excitement, grandeur, mass character, catastrophism, pathos, theatricality, showiness, romanticism" - Mazzini, "...An entire era collapses in pieces, fragments, like a decomposing corpse" - 1834 - Turner, "Fire in the Houses of Parliament" - "The intervention of the elements in the correct and measured life of the state, expression, romanticism" - In the painting by Palmer, "A waking dream, emotionality, beauty and animation of nature, the involvement of things in the stormy movement of colors of the landscape, an instant and eternity"



1825 - Financial panic in England - Decembrist uprising in Russia - Saint-Simon "New Christianity" - Temperance movement in the USA - (about a million people) - commodity exchange in New York and publication of the "encyclopedia" - Socialist community "New Harmony", R. Owen (USA) (25-28) - Formation of Bolivia - 1826 - Execution and hard labor for the Decembrists - Creation of detective (III department) police in Russia - 500 people brought to justice - Secret committee for projects of government reform - Peasants' revolt near Kiev - Greek War of Independence from Turkey - Rhineland Diet proposed to deprive Jews of all rights - World's first photograph - Suez Canal (began operation) - 1827 - - London - police created - slave trade banned in Britain - Term "socialist" - Russia, first public opinion poll - Armenia annexed to Russia - 1828 - Crisis in France (up to 1832), riots - USA, Jackson "president of the mob" - Creation of the "Democratic Party" - 1829 - Creation of Scotland Yard - Trade unions in England, 100,000 people - 1830 - French Revolution - constitutional monarchy of Louis Philippe - "Now the reign of the bankers will begin" - "Cosmopolitanism" - literary boom of the 1930s - "Democracy has risen to the shores" - Belgian Revolution against the Netherlands - Polish uprising against Russia, riots in Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine - Cholera riots in the Russian Empire (1830-31) - Cholera in America and Europe - Secret society "Young Italy" - Creation of an independent Greece - In England "regular railway traffic" - 1831 - Weavers' Revolt in Lyon - Carbonari Revolution in Italy - Bosnian uprising against Turkey (up to 1832) - 1832 - (England) - "Great Reform Act" - expansion of suffrage - peaceful rise to power of the bourgeoisie. - France, June Uprising - Conspiracy of aristocrats in Georgia - Russia - (the first electromagnetic telegraph in history) - Secret society "Skull and Bones" (USA) founded at Yale University. – The Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture was founded – 1833 - (Britain) – The Abolition of Slavery Act – The Factories Act to improve the working conditions of children – (Massachusetts) – Separation of church and state – The eruption of Krakatoa, killing 200,000 people – The powerful Leonid meteor shower – (Paris) – The Society for the Rights of Man and the Citizen – The new Russian anthem, “God Save the Tsar!”, was performed publicly for the first time - The emergence of the newspaper in the USA - 1834 - (England) - "Poor Law", "Workhouses", "School of Medicine" - USA - Whig Party (opposed to the Democrats) - Spanish Revolution (1834-1843) - The struggle between Chechnya and Dagestan was led by Shamil (until 1859) - Kiev University was opened - (France) - laws against the press, against political satire - Russia - the magazine "Moscow Telegraph" was closed - Herzen and Ogarev were arrested



So, we have examined two 60-year periods that together constituted a sensory supercycle spanning 1765–1884. Its character was clearly revealed by the emergence of Romanticism in the first, vibrant decade of 1765–1774 and its second arrival 60 years later in the explosive decade of 1825–1834.



We see that this century was a reaction to the dry and rational age of "Enlightenment," bringing with it "feeling" and "sensibility," a measurement of reality primarily by the "heart" and only secondarily by "reason," as an auxiliary tool, a kind of "crutch" to help achieve the goal. Initially, immersion in a new reality evoked strong emotion, euphoria, which later gave way to fatigue and addiction.


More: The Thirst for the New, Romanticism. (1) Active decade 1825-1834 https://forum.artinvestment.ru/blog.php?b=367251]




The onset of the next supercycle (1885-2004), which we are beginning to examine, once again brings rationality to the forefront, where negativity, disillusionment, rebellion, and protest become the leading style-defining forces, and the word "freedom" leads people to liberation from everything, including liberation from each other—that is, to amorality and loneliness. As we will see, the change in style will initially also provoke a storm of emotions. But let's not get ahead of ourselves...





1885-1894 - The Active Decade (the first sixty years of the 120-year rational cycle)










1885 - Tchaikovsky, the Manfred Symphony (based on Byron) – “Passion and anguish of hopelessness, mental torment… a hellish orgy, the shadow of the lost” - Brahms, the Fourth Symphony, “Grandiose… highly innovative… breathes with extraordinary energy…” - Glazunov – the symphonic poem Stenka Razin - Strauss, the operetta The Gypsy Baron - Van Gogh, The Potato Eaters, “Expression, the energy of sympathy” - Repin, Ivan the Terrible Kills His Son, “Drama, dynamics, expression, paroxysm of feelings, realism” - Degas, At the Ambassador Cafe, “Impulse, swiftness, kaleidoscope of life, passion, sketchiness” - E. Salthus (USA) “The Philosophy of Disappointment” - “The First Skyscraper” - 1886 - New York, Statue of Liberty - Chicago, strikes - Belgium, "Bloody skirmishes with the troops" - In Paris, "duels", "in the workshops - excitement, in the editorial offices ... passions" - "anarchist bombs" - "Neo-impressionists and symbolists" - Nietzsche, "Beyond Good and Evil", "revaluation of values, anti-Christianity, amoralism" - Watts, "silent protest", "decadence" - 1887 - (Chicago) - Public execution of anarchists - London - "Bloody Sunday" - 1888 - Nietzsche, "I am not a man, I am dynamite" - Cezanne, "Pierrot and Harlequin", "Carnival, in place of subtlety, tenderness, timidity and uncertainty, comes audacity, courage, decisiveness, brightness and geometric certainty" - Lautrec, "In the Elysee Palace Montmartre", "Dynamics, looseness, freedom, spontaneity, swiftness of brushstrokes" - Chekhov, "Sick times... everywhere... dislike of life and fear of death reign... absence... purpose in life, ascetics are needed like the sun" - 1889 - Paris, "World Exhibition" - "Eiffel Tower" - Exhibition of "Impressionists and Synthetists" - Van Gogh, "Starry Night" - "Swirl of space, spiral and circular movements of brushstrokes, vortex movement" - 1890 - In Paris, the slogan, "Down with easel painting!", "applied art - posters, fans, prints, furniture screens" - Hamsun, novel "Hunger", "Affect, pain, delirium, passion, illogicality, irrationality" - Wilde, "The Portrait of Dorian Gray" (accusation of immoralism) - Van Gogh, "Prisoners' Exercise" - Nikolai Ge, "What is Truth?", "The Contrast of Light and Darkness, Laconism" - Vrubel, "The Seated Demon", "The Search for Truth, Meaning, Beauty, Harmony, Freedom, Internal Tension, Fantastic Form and Color" - Ensor, "Intrigue", "Expression of an Unbridled Carnival of Masks, a Protest against Bourgeois Culture, Outrageousness" - Hodler, "Night", "The Fight Against the Templates of Bourgeois Culture, the Aestheticization and Rationalization of Reality" - Degas, "Dancers in Pink and Green", "Uninhibitedness, Freedom, Grace, Colorfulness, Youth, Instantaneity and Speed of Changing Moments of Life" - W. James, "Principles of Psychology" - "...We simplify, combine and identify everything that is possible..." - 1891 - Bonnard, "Champagne Poster", "Euphoria, intoxication, uninhibitedness, frivolity, relief, carelessness, caprice, disordered movement of the elements" (Art Nouveau style) - Shtuk, "Sensuality", "Erotism, sin, temptation, grotesque, symbolism" - Repin, "The Zaporozhian Cossacks write a letter to the Turkish Sultan", "Challenge, courage, inspiration, collective impulse" - 1892 - Gauguin, "Are you jealous?", "Decorativeness, generalization, fantasticness and brightness, escape from everyday life into the exotic" - Denis, "Staircase in the foliage", "Flight of fantasy, lightness, visualization of dreams, flatness, decorativeness, euphoria" - 1893 - Munch, "The Scream", "Despair, apocalyptic horror, expression, dynamics, activity, protest, denial, negativism, schematism, grotesque, loneliness and depression, in a godless and hopeless world" (Modern) - Chekhov - "...We need... desires, temperament, we are tired of sourness!" - "Theatre of Creativity", Lugne Poe - "Theatre of Poetry, Dreams", "Tear Out of the Ordinary" - Bradley, "Absolute Idealism" ("Appearance and Reality: An Experience of Metaphysics"), "Reason is the Path to the Absolute" - Merezhkovsky, "the coming ideal poetry" - 1894 - Claude Monet, "Rouen Cathedral in the Sun", "Materialization and dematerialization of the human spirit, a hymn to life, nature and human labor" - Aesthetic magazine "Yellow Book", "shock, escape from reality into a symbolic, imaginary world" - USA, Collection "Songs of a Wandering Country" - poetry of the road - bohemian motifs.



1885 - (USA) - First skyscraper - Indian National Congress - Rabies vaccine - 1886 -- (Chicago) - General workers' strike - arrests of anarchists. - American Federation of Labor (AFL) - Belgium - Uprising, bloody clashes with troops - New York - The Statue of Liberty was unveiled by US President Grover Cleveland - Beginning of automobile production - 1887 - (London) - "Bloody Sunday", clashes with police - (Chicago) - Public execution of anarchists - The Alliance of the Three Emperors between Russia, Germany, and Austria-Hungary was annulled. The Entente was created - Italy, Austria-Hungary and Great Britain - (Russia) - An assassination attempt on Alexander III was prevented - Restrictions on the publicity of trials - a percentage norm for Jews (grammar schools, universities) - 1888 - (Spain) - General Union of Workers - (Austria) - Social Democratic Party - (France) - first performance of "The Internationale" - (Moscow) - Construction of the first power plant - (USA) - The Great Blizzard (more than 400 people died in New York, snowdrifts up to 6 m) - (London) - The murders of Jack the Ripper - T. Huxley, "The Struggle for Existence..." - 1889 - (Paris) - Eiffel Tower - World's Fair - Exhibition "Impressionists and Synthetists" - (Sweden) - Social Democratic Party - (Germany), Workers' Insurance Law - Congress of the Second International - Left, majority in parliament - Moulin Rouge Cabaret - Nobel Prize Committee - (Brazil) - Republic (overthrow of the Emperor) - (USA) - First film "Pranks" - 1890 - World crisis (up to 1993) (USA) - Beginning of the reform movement (up to 1914) - Anti-Monopoly Law - (USA) - Growth of the art market (up to 1910) - "Tests of mental aptitude..." - (Hungary), Social Democratic Party - (Warsaw) - Workers' strike - (New York) - First execution in the electric chair - (London) - First "Metro" (underground) - Stasov and Tolstoy are upset by the excessive censorship - 1891 - (Russia) - Famine (up to 1992) - Assassination attempt on the Tsarevich (later Nicholas II) - Eviction of Jewish artisans and merchants from Moscow - Decree on the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway - Franco-Russian Alliance - (USA) - Copyright Law - (Bulgaria) - Social Democratic Party - Carnegie Hall - Tchaikovsky conducts - 1892 - (Russia) Vodka Monopoly - (USA) - American Psychological Association - First World Boxing Championships - Telephone line (Chicago - New York) - (USA) - The Pledge of Allegiance is read in schools - Polish Socialist Party - The world's first striptease show at the Moulin Rouge - 1893 (USA) - Depression - Stock Market Crash (to '97) - Economic downturn in Europe from '90 to '93 - (Nicaragua) Liberal Party revolts against Conservatives - (England) - Independent Labor Party - "Customs War" between Russia and Germany (until 1894) - (Austria-Hungary) - Demonstrations for universal suffrage - (Chicago) - First Congress of Jewish Women - (Moscow) - Tretyakov Gallery - 1894 - (USA) - Unemployed march on Washington for "bread and justice!" - (Russia) - Reign of Nicholas II, "abandon senseless dreams" of democratic reforms - (France) - Dreyfus Affair - Anarchist who threw a bomb in parliament is guillotined - Assassination of the French President - (Paris) - International Olympic Committee - First World Motor Fair - Sino-Japanese War (until 1895) - Armenian pogroms in Turkey (until 1896) - (Hungary) - Peasant revolt


More details: Rationality, Modernism. (1) Active decade 1885-1894 https://forum.artinvestment.ru/blog.php?b=367271





1945-1954 - The Active Decade (the second sixty years of the 120-year rational cycle)










1945 – The end of a world war unprecedented in the amount of bloodshed – Fitzgerald - "Everything that is said about the Great Hot Heart of America is a home-grown banality" - (USA), Stravinsky, "... a new period of searching and upheaval (rediscovery of the masterpieces of 1912 ...)" - The Bebop style in jazz - Spencer's neo-romanticism, "Resurrection", "Life-affirmation, brightness, sensuality, emotionality, awakening from the terrible dream of a cruel war" - Siqueiros, "Self-portrait", "Expression, dynamics, energy, struggle, explosive movement, strength, aggressive, revolutionary action, maximalism, protest, radicalism, confidence, determination, purposefulness, without thinking and hesitation" - 1946 – E. Piaf, "Life in Rose" - L. Fontana, "projecting an image onto the clouds" - 1947 - A. Toynbee, "Civilization Before the Court of History" - Tennessee, the play "A Streetcar Named Desire" - The following trends appear: "Lyrical Abstraction", "Informel" (spontaneity, irrationality), "Tachisme" (spot), "Action Painting" - Siqueiros, the symbolic "Our Today's Image", "Generalization, expression, accusation of inhumanity and mechanistic nature" - J. Dubuffet, "The Great Master of the Outsider", "Shock, challenge, protest, hooliganism, militant anti-aestheticism, the style of children's drawing and Dadaism" - 1948 - "Theater of the Absurd" - "Bald Singer" (E. Ionesco) - O. Kokoschka, "Self-Portrait", 1948, "Uninhibitedness, freedom of brushstroke" (His works were at the odious exhibition "degenerate art" in Germany) - A. Deineka, "Self-portrait", "Freedom, nudity, challenge, eyes directed at the viewer" - 1949 - J.R.R.R. Tolkien - the fairy tale trilogy "The Lord of the Rings" - O. Dix, "Resurrection", "Excitement, expression, exit from the darkness of the tomb into the light" - F. Bacon, "Head VI", "Protest, expression, scream, hysteria, minimalism, generalization, radicalism, negativism, conventionality, fall, fear, horror, grotesque" - J. Pollock, "Untitled, Green Silver", "Spontaneity, expression, impulsive splashing of paint" - V. Vasarely, "Impossible", "Sharp, cutting forms, formalism, geometric clarity and precision" - 1950 - In the USA, the "Witch Hunt" of the House Un-American Activities Committee McCarthy - S. Spencer, "Cows", "Excitement, a bright chaotic mixture of people, children, spotted cows and nature, neo-romanticism" - Chirico, "Two Horses", "Decorativeness of tamed and peaceful force" - R. Rauschenberg, "Untitled, double Rauschenberg", "Freedom, lightness, an inverted world, a challenge" - Bradbury, science fiction, "The Martian Chronicles" - 1951 - Camus "Rebellious Man" (against the "surrounding absurdity") - F. Perls, "Gestalt Therapy" - Salinger, the novel "The Catcher in the Rye" - (through the eyes of a teenager, the world of adults) - E. Hopper, "Rooms by the Sea", neorealism, "Dynamics of sunlight, laconicism, geometrism, sea, air, clarity, faith in the future" - L. Feininger, "Moonlight web", 1951, "Expression of sharp, thin geometric lines, harshly, at different angles, cutting the lyricism of the lunar landscape" - 1952 - S. Delaunay, "Color rhythm", Orphism, "A mobile and dynamic rhythm of colored, simple geometric figures" - "The Old Man and the Sea" - a story by E. Hemingway - S. Beckett, the play "Waiting for Godot" - 1953 - The Death of Stalin - J. Miro, "Smile of bright wings", abstraction, "The light movement of exquisite color spots on a neutral background, emphasized by a free, capricious, thin, refined line" - J. Arp, "Untitled", abstraction, "Protest against reality, against the rules, against certainty and predictability, for freedom and independence of the individual" - T. Lempicka, "Blue and black abstract composition", "The combination of aggressive geometric forms with a smooth line that speaks of life and freedom" - Playboy Magazine - the film "Some Like It Hot" with M. Monroe - Stockhausen, "electronic music" - M. Goeritz, "Manifesto of Emotional Architecture", against functionalism - 1954 - Ehrenburg, the novel "The Thaw" - A. Khachaturian, the ballet "Spartacus" - A. Kurosawa, the film "Seven Samurai" - Tolkien, "The Lord of the Rings" - T. Williams, "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof" - E. Presley, "Rock and Roll" - (London) "Hustling Days" (musical) - Nudist clubs - Miss America beauty contest - F. Casorati, "Morning. Motherhood, Magical Realism, The Light Joy of Motherhood, Warmth, and Sunlight - M. Rothko, No. 6, Color Field Painting, The Active, Strong, Tense Breath of Life, Freed from Distracting Details - R. Guttuso, The Beach, The Stormy Joy of Life, Swiftness, Freedom, Sunshine, Emotional Relaxation, Nakedness, Sketchiness



1945 - End of World War II - Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki - Labor wins in England, Liberals win in Canada - Nuremberg Trials - Founding of the UN - Japan surrenders - Earthquake in Japan (2,300 people died) - Auschwitz liberated (7,500 prisoners) - Roosevelt serves his fourth term as President of the United States, and H. Truman is elected that same year - Lend-Lease ends in the USSR ($48.5 billion) - League of Arab States - World Federation of Trade Unions - World Bank - 1946 - Churchill's speech - the beginning of the Cold War - Famine in the USSR (1946-47) - Civil War in Greece - First session of the UN Assembly - Civil War in China - USSR - Europe's first nuclear reactor - ENIAC electronic computer - USSR proposal for comprehensive arms reduction – In the USA, the Republicans win – Ford automation – Strikes – The baby boom begins – In France, the Socialists – In Italy, women’s right to vote – In India, the ban on discrimination against “untouchables” – In Germany, the CSU – In London, the BBC broadcasts – In Hungary, hyperinflation – Reduction in world grain production – In Paris, the bikini swimsuit – 1947 – In the USA, the Truman Doctrine, the Cold War – loyalty testing – the law against political strikes – The National Security Act – the creation of the CIA – the Marshall Plan (aid to Europe) – In the USSR, the death penalty is abolished (until 1950), monetary reform, devaluation of the ruble – In the UN, a plan to partition Palestine into an Arab and Jewish state – The independence of Pakistan and India – The baby boom in the USA (until 1957) – The International Communist Information Bureau – 1948 – The UN adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights – The creation of Israel, the Arab-Israeli War – In USSR – arrests of cosmopolitans, persecution of geneticists (up to 65), dissolution of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee. Murder of Sergei Mikhoels. Accusation of "formalism" against Dmitri Shostakovich. Earthquake in Ashgabat (more than 110 thousand people died) – In the USA, a plan for the atomic bombing of 70 cities in the USSR - (Hamburg) – "Group 48" - an association of abstractionists of the constructivist trend – 1949 – Christian Democrat Adenauer, Chancellor of Germany (slogan "No experiments") – Creation of NATO – USSR, testing of the atomic bomb – Mao Zedong, creation of the PRC – In the USA, a trial against the Communist Party – (Moscow) - Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) – Devaluation of currencies in Europe - USSR proposal to conclude a Peace Pact between the five great powers – the USA allocated 5.43 billion dollars for the restoration of Europe – 1950 - In the USA, the McCarthy Commission on Un-American Activities "witch hunt" (up to 1954) – In the USSR, the restoration of the death penalty – USA, color television – Germany, Food rationing ends – London, strike – USA occupies Taiwan – Korean War (until 1953) – 1951 - Conservatives win in England (Churchill) (until 1963) – USSR, I.V. Stalin falls ill – affairs are run by the troika of G.M. Malenkov, N.A. Bulganin, L.P. Beria – In the USA, the Rosenbergs are executed for espionage – Drought in Australia (until 1953) – London, the Miss Universe contest – 1952 - The CIA decides to support avant-garde painting (due to the fact that the Communists ban it) – Elizabeth II, Queen (until 2022) – Bolivian revolution, Revolution in Egypt – XIX Congress of the CPSU in Moscow – In the USA, hydrogen bomb testing – Republicans win, President D. Eisenhower – (Vienna) Congress of Peoples for Peace – FRG pays Israel $293 million in compensation – Over 2,000 people die from smog in London – Charles Chaplin leaves the United States - UN Disarmament Commission – Poets P. Markish, D. Bergelson, I. Fefer, diplomat S. Lozovsky, actor V. Zuskin are shot in Lubyanka on charges of cosmopolitanism – 1953 - Death of Stalin in the USSR - arrests in the "Doctors' Plot" - Amnesty (approx. 1,000,000 criminals) – Arrest of Beria - All prices are reduced by an average of 10% - Khrushchev as General Secretary, reduction of military programs, priority given to light industry - Execution of L. P. Beria, beginning of rehabilitation of victims of Stalin's terror - Radio Liberty, Radio Deutsche Welle - Cuban Revolution – Unrest in Pakistan – Tito as President of Yugoslavia - The US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare is formed. Ed Murrow condemns McCarthyism. End of the Korean War – (Canada) Liberals gain a majority in Parliament – In the USSR, the Hydrogen Bomb, A. Sakharov – the DNA model, Francis Crick and James Watson – 1954 – Student unrest in Cairo – the Muslim Brotherhood is disbanded – Mutiny in Algeria – Mutiny in Greece – Crimea is transferred to Ukraine in the USSR – Virgin Lands development begins – Trial against "bourgeois nationalists" in Czechoslovakia – Abolition of the rationing system in Great Britain – The world's first nuclear power plant is launched in the USSR – the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition opens


More details: Expression, Radicalism. (1) The Active Decade 1945-1954 https://forum.artinvestment.ru/blog.php?b=367321




So, we've examined the "active" decades that mark the beginning of all 120-year supercycles, as well as all 60-year cycles of the 600-year "Summer" phase (1405-2004). These "active" decades are numbered (1) not formally or by chance. They set the general tone, character, and specificity of each of the five "supercycles," determining the predominance of "rationality" or "emotionality," alternating every 120 years.



But life goes on; we have entered the next, equally long 600-year "Autumn" phase, which will be generally more hedonistic, sensual, and harmonizing than the one we've already experienced.



The Past as a Hint at the Future (For more details, see: "What awaits us in the next 600 years?" https://forum.artinvestment.ru/blog.php?b=366351)





So, we have entered the "AUTUMN" stage (2005-2004)





2005-2014 - Active Decade (the first sixty years of the 120-year sensory cycle)









2005 – (Russia) – Zemfira’s song “Sky and Sea Clouds” – G. Nesterov, “It’s Me” (cycle “Reincarnation”), “Phenomenon, embodiment, reincarnation, the world here and now, surprise, strangeness, expression, impression and imprinting” - 2006 – Success of the exhibition “Artels” in Tallinn, “Art is transboundary, the revival of nobility, culture, humanism and solidarity” – G. Nesterov, “Territory of Love”, “A new discovery of the world, a moment and eternity, an impression, an active, sensual, holistic acceptance of reality” – O. Nerdrum, “Carried away by the elements, nudity, sensuality and emotionality” – E. Fischl, “Scenes from a late paradise. Parade”, “Movement, active acceptance of sensual life, beautiful weekdays, sun, water, bodies of walking people and animals, unadorned tactile and sensual beauty of reality, earthly life is paradise” - Z. Dorzhiev, “Concubines”, “Decorativeness, sensuality, activity, energy, emotionality” - 2007 - Z. Dorzhiev, “Lord of Dreams”, “Fantasticity, bizarreness, petrified expression of frozen ethnic faces” - D. Hirst, “Skull in Diamonds” - 2008 - Dugarzhapov, “Almond Blossoms”, “Freedom of feeling, expression, exquisite mother-of-pearl of flowering trees, dynamics and truth of feeling, light, air, joy of life” - M. Grobman, “The concepts of beauty and perfection driven underground must be reintroduced into the topic of conversation about art” - 2009 - Rolf Ost, “Prayer”, shocking, kitsch. "A hypertrophied, fat female figure bent over in prayer over a smoking lamp on all fours, "flesh" brought to the grotesque" - R. Francis, "Divine Window", "The energy of light, active acceptance of reality, divine beauty and magical truth of everyday life" - Performance by P. Pryazhko, "Life is a success", obscene language (Golden Mask prize) - 2010 - G. Nesterov, "Image" (cycle "Reincarnation"), "magical realism" - "Expression, significance, cosmic beauty and the truth of our common life" - E. Popova, play "Those Who Died Because of Love" - 2011 - G. Nesterov, "Phenomenon", "cosmic realism" "expressionism" - "The appearance of the world to the world, a flash of light, a unique moment from the life of the cosmos, from our life", "The words "Ideal", "Love", "Justice" sound as unusual today as the "yellow jacket" of the Futurist did earlier, and are perceived as almost a "slap in the face of public taste", "The cynical struggle of groups, parties, clans, individuals and even entire states for dominance and material goods, when the idea of the whole is not taken into account, inevitably leads to a general catastrophe" - Morton, "The Last Word ..", "realism, expressionism", "Bird bustle, dynamics, flight, swiftness" - K. Gregoire, "Intimate", "Expression of tenderness, mutual attraction, sensuality, softness and humanity, contrasting with the rigid, formal, ascetic geometry of the artist's studio" - 2012 - K. Gregoire, "Carnival, freedom, emotionality, uninhibitedness" - I. Lubennikov, "Accordionist", "expressionism", "Phantasmagoria, dynamics, eroticism, a celebration of life" - Nesterov G.A. "Activity, dynamics. The search for perfection. The search for the absolute. The pursuit of the ideal. Inspiration and enthusiasm. Maximalism, cosmism, planetarity, universality. Experimentation. The desire for social reform. Focus on the future. Overcoming the inertia and conservatism of society" - 2013 - M. Grobman, "Humanity is a fool... vulgarity reigns in the world..." - 2014 - "Maidan" in Ukraine - I. Pestov, "Hello and Goodbye", "Cruel realism, cut flesh, shock value" - R. Tuminas - "...we are all... in painful confusion. ...the familiar...sarcastic, nihilistic path of destruction, accusations has been exhausted..."



2005 - Yushchenko, President of Ukraine - Second Chechen War - Kyrgyzstan "Tulip Revolution" - USA, funds "to support democracy" in Ukraine ($60 million) and Belarus ($5 million) - Uprising in Uzbekistan: over 4,000 prisoners released from Andijan prison. - M. Khodorkovsky and P. Lebedev sentenced to 9 years - Moscow - "Russian March" (London), bombings in the metro and buses (Poland) - victory of J. Kaczynski's Law and Justice party (Egypt) - Al-Qaeda attack - 80 killed, 200 injured. - (USA) - Hurricane Katrina (more than 30,000 people were missing) - in Baghdad, more than 1,000 people died in a stampede due to panic. - (Denmark), Scandal over the publication of cartoons of the Prophet (2005-6) - 2006 - (Mecca), during the ceremony of "beating the devil", 364 pilgrims died and more than 300 were injured - (Palestine) - Victory of the radicals of Hamas - The collapse of Yugoslavia - (Moscow) - Vesti TV channel - Novaya Gazeta journalist Anna Politkovskaya was killed - Execution of former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein - 2007 - Unrest in Ingushetia (about 100 people were arrested) - (Tallinn), demolition of the "Soldier-Liberator" monument, about 1.2 thousand people – 2008 - The beginning of the global financial crisis - record revenue at Christie’s and Sotheby’s auctions - (Sichuan), earthquake, 87,587 people died. - (Russia) - D. Medvedev - president - Putin, prime minister - (Sevastopol), monument to Catherine II - Georgia’s attack on Ossetia (President M. Saakashvili) - Gas conflict - Russia and Ukraine 2008-9 – 2009 - (USA), B. Obama, president - (Ukraine), the Order of the Cross of Ivan Mazepa was established - (Chechnya), cancellation of the “counter-terrorist operation” (since 1999) - The Milk War between Belarus and Russia - B. Obama was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize – 2010 - (Ukraine) - President V. Yanukovych - (Moscow), terrorist attacks in the metro - (Kyrgyzstan) interethnic clashes - Heat and fires in Russia – (Moscow), mass riots – (Belarus), riots during elections – (USA) Treaty with Russia on the reduction of offensive arms - (Haiti) – Earthquake, 223,439 people died. – Earthquake in China, 100 thousand were left homeless – 2011 - Uprisings in Egypt, Libya and other countries - Libya, civil war - (Japan) – earthquake of 9.1 points – tsunami - 15,597 dead, 5,694 injured, Fukushima, explosion at a nuclear power plant - USA, Great Britain, France, bombing of Libya - (Norway), terrorist A. Breivik kills 77 people. – Minsk, explosion in the metro – (Pakistan) Osama bin Laden is destroyed – 2012 - (Russia), Putin's president - (Moscow) – Protest march on Bolotnaya (up to 100 thousand people) - Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan, "Single Economic Space" - (Egypt), victory of the "Muslim Brotherhood" - Punk action of the group Pussy Riot in the Cathedral of Christ the Savior - President of France - Socialist F. Hollande - Simplification of the visa regime between Russia and the USA - 2013 - (France), legalization of same-sex marriage - Chairman of China Xi Jinping - (USA), terrorist attack at the Boston Marathon - Terrorist attacks in Iraq - Victory of the "Georgian Dream" party - (Ukraine), the beginning of unrest on the "Maidan" until February 2014 - 2014 - Revolution on the "Maidan". Civil war, "Militant nationalism", the annexation of Crimea to Russia, the war in Donbass. "Odessa conflict" - murder of supporters of Russia - Poroshenko president - (Spain) rallies against Monarchy


More details: The Phenomenon of Peace. (1) The Active Decade 2005-2014 https://forum.artinvestment.ru/blog.php?b=367401




Grigory Nesterov © December 30, 2025



May 21, 2025 (started)




© All rights belong to the author. Citation with indication of the source.





Links to all initial (1) active decades of the “Summer” stage (the “rational” supercycle is highlighted in blue, the “sensual” one in black):




Decade of Russian Painting (1) - 1405-1414 (active) https://forum.artinvestment.ru/blog.php?b=367081

Active decade, aggression (1) - 1465-1474 https://forum.artinvestment.ru/blog.php?b=367101


Mannerism (1), active decade (1525-1534) https://forum.artinvestment.ru/blog.php?b=367131

Mannerism, Baroque (1) active decade (1585-1594) https://forum.artinvestment.ru/blog.php?b=367161


Classicism and rationalism. (1) Active decade 1645-1654 https://forum.artinvestment.ru/blog.php?b=367191

Rococo, the world of love. (1) Active decade 1705-1714 https://forum.artinvestment.ru/blog.php?b=367221


Feeling, emotion, romanticism. (1) Active decade 1765-1764 https://forum.artinvestment.ru/blog.php?b=367241

Thirst for the new, romanticism. (1) Active decade 1825-1834 https://forum.artinvestment.ru/blog.php?b=367251]


Rationality, negativism, modernism. (1) Active decade 1885-1894 https://forum.artinvestment.ru/blog.php?b=367271

Expression, radicalism. (1) Active decade 1945-1954 https://forum.artinvestment.ru/blog.php?b=367321


+ Stage "Autumn" (has a general sensory character):


The Appearance of the World (1) Active decade 2005-2014 https://forum.artinvestment.ru/blog.php?b=367401


Все активные десятилетия (1) https://forum.artinvestment.ru/blog.php?b=367461





Exhibition of paintings by G. Nesterov "TABULA RASA" https://forum.artinvestment.ru/blog.php?b=367311




25th Congress of the Belarusian Union of Artists https://forum.artinvestment.ru/blog.php?b=367431




Группа Мир Культуры - World of Culture https://www.facebook.com/groups/321408011981360/