Born Napoleon

[Mark]

Napoleon Bonaparte - French statesman and military leader, consul for life, then Emperor of France. August 15 marks the 340 anniversary of his birth.

Читать дальше... 

Napoleon Bonaparte (Buonaparte) was born August 15, 1769 in the town of Ajaccio on the island of Corsica, the son of a poor Corsican nobleman. It was the second son in the family (all in the family had five sons and three daughters). In 1784, Napoleon Briennskoe graduated from military school and joined the Paris Military School (1784-1785).

Began service in October 1785 with the rank of second lieutenant of artillery. During the service, Napoleon studied books on military affairs and the work of outstanding educators.

In 1792 he joined the Jacobin Club. During the next ten years he made a career in Corsica. As a result of the conflict with Corsican separatists, led by Pasquale Paoli in 1793, Bonaparte was forced to flee from Corsica.

In 1793, he distinguished himself in battle against the British at Toulon and was promoted to brigadier general. In 1795 the Paris garrison commander in the suppression of royalist rebellion 13 Vendemiaire (October 5).

C 1796 to 1797 he served as commander of French forces in Italy. The Italian campaign was one of the vertices of a military career of Napoleon. The campaign turned into a series of brilliant victories, including victories at Lodi, Castiglione, Arcole, Rivoli. Napoleon forced a truce kingdom of Sardinia and Piedmont, the Papal States, Parma, Modena, and Naples. May 15, 1797, Napoleon entered Milan as the winner of the Austrians and the Italians as a liberator.

Napoleon showed a talent not only the commander, but also politics. In February 1797 he signed with Pope Pius VI is very profitable for the French peace treaty.

In the years 1798-1799, Napoleon led an expedition to Egypt and Syria. He took Alexandria, came to Cairo and broke the shell Mamelukes. Egypt was turned into a French protectorate.

November 9-10, 1799 (18-19 Brumaire Year VIII) Napoleon made the coup, which resulted in the power of the directory has been replaced by the power of the consuls. He was elected the first consul for 10-year period (was established in 1799-1804, respectively), in fact concentrated in the hands of time with full power.

In 1802 Napoleon became consul for life with the right to appoint his successor.

In 1801 have been restored the right of the Catholic Church lost it during the revolution: the concordat concluded with the pope, Napoleon secured the support of the Catholic Church.

In February 1804 was discovered by the Anglo-royalist conspiracy against Napoleon. Napoleon had benefited from the conspiracy and consolidated power. He was proclaimed Emperor of France, and Pope Pius VII arrived in Paris for his lavish coronation, held on 1-2 December 1804.

Under Emperor Napoleon had been developed civil, commercial and penal codes. Civil Code - the Code Napoleon - provided his personal power. Was introduced strict centralization of the administrative apparatus. To keep the gold reserve and paper money in 1800 was established by State Bank of France. It was also centralized system of tax collection, a system of secondary schools - high schools, universities - Normal and Ecole Polytechnique. An extensive system of policing, including the secret service. Of the 173 Parisian 160 newspapers were closed and others placed under government control.

In 1805, Napoleon I was recognized as king of Italy. In 1805, won a victory at Ulm and Austerlitz (Battle of Three Emperors) over the armies of the coalition, consisting of Austria, Russia, England, etc. In 1806, he founded the Confederation of the Rhine. In 1807, defeated the Russian army at Friedland and forced Russia to the peace of Tilsit, Napoleon made the ruler of Germany.

With the victorious wars of Napoleon greatly expanded the territory of the empire, set in dependence on France, most of Western and Central Europe. Napoleon was not only the emperor of France, stretching to the left bank of the Rhine, and the King of Italy, but also a mediator of the Swiss Confederation and Protector of the Rhine Confederation. Kings were his brothers: Joseph Naples, Louis in Holland, Jerome in Westphalia. This empire on its territory was comparable with the empire of Charlemagne and the Holy Roman Empire of Charles V.

In 1812, Napoleon marched on Russia, it ended in complete defeat and became the beginning of the collapse of the empire. In March 1814 the Allied troops entered Paris, forcing Napoleon to abdicate (April 6, 1814). Allies winning retained the title of Emperor Napoleon, and gave him possession of the island of Elba in the Mediterranean Sea.

In 1815, Napoleon returned to France, where he reigned "hundred days" (March 20 - June 22, 1815). After the defeat at Waterloo, June 22, 1815, Napoleon again abdicated and was exiled to St. Helena in the Atlantic Ocean, where he died May 5, 1821. In 1840, the remains of Napoleon were transported to Paris, to house people with disabilities.

Material is based on open sources of information
http://www.rian.ru/society/20090814/180871218.html

[Mark]

------------

[dedulya37]

Сообщение от Mark

Thanks to the victorious wars of Napoleon ...

Looking at the work № 1,2,3,6,7,8,9 in the first series can not help thinking that "one of the sources and components of" socialist realism was the French imperrealizm.

[Mark]

Сообщение от dedulya37

Looking at the work № 1,2,3,6,7,8,9 in the first series can not help thinking that "one of the sources and components of" socialist realism was the French imperrealizm.

dedulya37, with all due respect to you differently as populism your statement did not name. where here again, long-suffering, soiled and spat "experts" of Socialist Realism?

[Кирилл Сызранский]

Сообщение от Mark

With all due respect to you differently as populism your statement did not name.

Populism - conservative political trends romantic or psevdoradikalistskogo nature that show: the uncertainty, demagogic appeal to the people, protest against the institutionalized political life.
Lat. Populus - the people.

[dedulya37]

Сообщение от Mark

dedulya37, with all due respect to you differently as populism your statement did not name. where here again, long-suffering, soiled and spat "experts" of Socialist Realism?

1. When a person is respected, treated him with "YOU".
2. : D (Note smiley!) With this rating as I have, populism me in your understanding do not need.
3. When I wrote my message, I specifically put a smiley face that people have a sense of humor and a little pozhivshie in "developed socialism", smiled and remembered the ceremonial portraits of our communist leaders. It is obvious that my message is you do not understand. Pity.
4. And you did not feel lizoblyudstva in formal portraits of Napoleon?
5. Can not answer this rhetorical question.

[Tana]

I liked the work of 4 of the "second round", never seen, apparently Napoleon is depicted during the campaign against Russia.
and an interesting collection of Napoleon memorabilia can be seen in the Monaco Grimaldi Palace (collection started collecting Prince Louis in 1919), remember a toy from this collection (it says that she is from Russia, dating to around the time of Napoleon's march on Russia)-wood horse and her solldat, or rather, Napoleon, painted, long look at her (not photographed), well, somehow does not look like it in style in Russian (never seen such Russian toys!), perhaps someone else was in the museum interesting your opinion.

[Mark]

... and the current will end the same way

Borodino, Maloyaroslavets even Berezina - everywhere Division Grand Army of performing the tasks. In all these battles of Russia's troops, one way or another, retreating. Bonaparte has always remained the winner as a strategist, as a mathematician. And the winner finally escaped, the Great Army simply disappeared. A year and a half failed the defenders of Moscow signed in Paris "

[NATA NOVA]

Mark, you have Karl wrong side "handle makes" ...

[Mark]

Сообщение от NATA NOVA

Mark, you have Karl wrong side "handle makes" ...

Thanks ... I think he's index finger too zagnet