I wonder how people slept during the Middle Ages?
It is believed that a single "standard" was not there. According to the hypothesis historian Roger Ekricha, medieval people knew two dreams: sleep until midnight, then waking for a short time and then the second dream.
However, the rate of sleep - what is needed early to bed and early to rise - is considered more correct with a very long time. It is in the Bible. There is some idea that beauty sleep before waking up in accordance with nature, or even religious laws. So I think that the larks just embody a normal, standard model of sleep, which is more of a Christian culture.
Protestantism demanded that the people rose early. This was associated with the development of capitalist society at the beginning of the XVI century. If you get up early, then you're active, you're a good Christian, you're doing something right.
Sleep attack evil monsters. Woodcut of the XVI century. In those days it was believed that during sleep the soul of man is vulnerable to evil spirits. One of the most popular characters - an incubus. This unpleasant creature (usually in the form of a goat or a monster) is a woman, when they are sleeping and have sex with them. For men came another demon - a succubus.
, capitalism, industrial revolution somehow changed relation to sleep?
In the Middle Ages, according to historians, people do not keep track of time so hard. But the market, industrial production demanded a clear discipline.
In the era of early capitalism during sleep was severely limited: the working day was 16 hours, but sleep is reduced to a minimum. If you look at the notes to Marx's Capital, in the chapter "Business Day" will find lots of examples. Quote: "Mr White cited the case when a teenager he worked 36 hours without a break, when a boy of twelve open until 2 am and then sleep at the plant until 5 am (3 hours!) To again take a day job" .
Marx linked the trend to a lengthening of the working day with an internal imperative of capitalist production, ideally requiring a 24-hour continuous operation: "Extending the working day beyond the natural day, lengthening through the night acts only as a palliative, but to a certain extent quenches thirst vampirovu living blood of labor . Interestingly, the way Plato's idea of the abolition of sleep as an unreasonable and unproductive state receives a feasibility study.
So, when people under the banner of Marxism, built barricades, they fought for it to sleep?
In any case, self-organization of workers, their resistance and struggle for shorter working hours have led to a softening of these barbaric conditions. As a result of the working day reduced to eight hours, and in some developed European countries and up to six.
Illustration in 1930 to the fairy tale by Charles Perrault's "Sleeping Beauty". It can be seen as a respectful attitude to her sleeping body - high bed, a large pillow, luxurious veils. The metaphor of "Sleeping Beauty" is used in many fields - journalism, science, art. In mathematics, in honor of the character named one of the problems in probability theory.
And the victory of Marxism belonged to sleep?
In the twenties of the last century in the Soviet Union was turning a project to transform the whole of everyday life. Say, a famous architect Konstantin Melnikov, who believed in the healing power of deep sleep, had planned to build a special town - sleepy Sonata. " He has designed a completely fantastic building type - a membrane with a circular arrangement of rooms for sleeping, able to wiggle, so even with music, aromas and massage. However, all this remained on paper. Emerged later in the Stalinist culture of the "heroic labor" had ordered some new austerity, the ability to sacrifice sleep for the sake of performance records.
Well, capitalism - he resigned himself to sleep?
Not quite. In an era of mass consumption causes of utopian images of the abolition of sleep becomes an intensification of consumption rather than production. Consumption of goods and services throughout the twenty-four hours a day is probably the ideal of the modern capitalist system.
Remember the movie "The Matrix"? There are sleeping people were used as living batteries, power sources for vehicles seized power. Perhaps this secret dream and allegory of modern capitalism - to make a profit even sleep.
Can I say that dream turned into a category of goods?
All product! I believe that we live in a nasty system based on the incredible pragmatism and exploitation of people. All useless here under suspicion. You sleep, that is useless to spend time - as it is so? Everything must operate, to benefit. Price tag of sleep yet, but you already look at it as a commodity.
Dream in Japanese. Colorized picture of 1890. Japanese culture implies a completely different tradition of sleep. If the Europeans sought to rise above the surface, the Japanese have long been unaware of beds and preferred mat - stuffed with straw mats. In modern Japan began to develop another tradition - organized daytime sleep in special rooms.
Well if you imagine that the price tag is already posted, which is more expensive then: sleep or waking?
I think waking still expensive, because it is a product that makes a profit. In a dream you are lying and not doing anything: all of your income - that you restore your energy, and in the waking state, you can take ten business solutions.
However, the sleep thing, too expensive. In modern society, the line between work and leisure is increasingly blurred. This is noted by many sociologists and philosophers. Do you in fact, for example, no fixed working hours from nine to six: you come home, suddenly dawns on you some idea on paper - and you write it. Where is your office hours? It is infinite continues! Your whole life - it is like part of the raw material for your work. Same with me, and with representatives of many modern professions. The only escape from work is just a dream. That is, this is not a commodity - it is a way to escape. Consequently, the value of its rise.
Hence the desire to dispose of sleep as a kind of natural "capital." So, as a particular product can be considered a means of control over their sleep, including pharmacology. If it were possible to accelerate the technical methods of recreation and to reduce the time needed, modern man, I think, would prefer not to sleep. Once religion has ceased to play the old role in public life, people no longer believe in the infinity of existence - they are obsessed with the effective use of the finite time that is allotted to them. Say, one of the heroes of the novel by Jonathan Coe's "House of Sleep" says: "If you spend in bed for eight hours a day, then sleeping shortens your life by a third! It's like to die in fifty years - and it happens to everyone. This is not just a disease but a plague! And no one has immunity to it, you know? "
Now in great demand textbooks that describe an efficient and short sleep. In Japan, for example, one of the most popular techniques offers split sleep into several parts, ie at night to sleep four hours, and then during the day to arrange a few breaks for a nap for twenty minutes. Incidentally, in Japan there is such a thing as a public dream: it is normal to sleep in the workplace, at meetings.
Lullaby. Figure XIX century Lullaby - one of the oldest genres of world folklore. To immerse a child to sleep, sing all the peoples: the Indians, Americans and Jews, and the Chukchi, and Italians. It is believed that the singing of the mother, aged in a certain rhythm and tone, not only helps the child to sleep, but also promotes the development of his brain.
As far as the general process of sleep is associated with certain rituals?
Very much! Of course, there is such an ancient custom, like singing lullabies. There is a ritual in the Christian tradition: the evening before going to bed a man must cleanse your mind from all sorts of emotions - to pray. Modern psychologists are advised to sleep mentally, or even on paper indiscriminately expose your day: what was good and what's bad, what was not. Day - is, in essence, the model of all life. Many sleep disorders, oddly enough, is also associated with different rituals. Freud, for instance, wrote that the neurotic can not sleep until ten times is inevitable in my bed. He is not sick, not crazy, but it's walking around the bed from the point of view of psychoanalysis - a ritual expression of internal problems related to the problem of intrusiveness.
Or take another example - the bed. Since the days of ancient Egypt, it has done a tremendous evolution. In the same Japanese culture sleeping person does not rise above the floor - sleeping on a mat or a mat. But Europeans have always sought to lift the sleeper. Because the position in space is directly tied to the place occupied by a person in society. See how the sleeping kings and kings - tall, big, richly decorated bed. This is not just a place to sleep - a designation of social status, almost a throne.
As far as I know, sleep and power - this is a topic of your research.
Already in the reasoning of the medieval thinkers, the figure appears Sleepless sovereign. In general, the rituals of power in many cultures are closely linked with the vigil. Say, the ancient Chinese codes depict an exemplary ruler awake at night - musing about the good citizens and improve their governance. However, the sovereign could also appoint representatives who were sent to the function of night waking. For example, the Japanese emperor was allowed to sleep, but this time his power was represented by a special patrol. Modern state we associate with devices for monitoring and tracking, which never cease to exist, that is, "Do not sleep."
Do I have to sleep it at night? Which models offer a different culture?
And in the West and the East and in southern countries is the so-called polyphase culture of sleep, which permit and even require sleep during the daytime (siesta, siesta, etc.). However, now trying to limit naps. For example, in Spain not so long ago was legally shortened time siesta. In China during Chairman Mao's workers had been guaranteed a three-hour siesta, but in the eighties - ninety there are voices that are supposedly backward way of life, control the pace of the economy. Sleep was just a political issue, and the daily rest was reduced to one hour.
Sometimes, however, it is night time activity. "Tales of a Thousand and One Nights" - a vivid example. Night all the special world. Especially important was the culture of Romanticism - as the time of deployment of creative subjectivity. So it works when respectable philistines are fast asleep. Night - a condition of its productivity. Later on, I think, for Dostoevsky, with its theme of the underground man the night was kind of a space of alternative ways of life.
Now sleep less and less tied to time of day - all these round the clock service medicine, transport, police ... Their formation is also associated with the early modern period, when there is a modern city, night security. Evolving culture of nightlife, which allows people to be active both at home and outside the house after nightfall. In an era of restructuring we're having the first night clubs, has evolved into a system of night entertainment.
And there are the rituals of awakening?
Good question - do not even know if there is some exotic rituals ...
Just the image of awakening man mercilessly exploited in modern advertising - for example, instant coffee.
With the awakening due to many important themes. Say, Proust's novel "Toward the Swan" begins with a long description of the awakening of the hero: he seemed to collect himself, his own self, his subjectivity of the countless memories of the past all the rooms and places where he would wake up.
The notion of awakening from ancient times has become an important component of the philosophical, religious and political discourses. More Socrates called citizens of Athens to wake up - to a reasonable life, aspiring to the good. We should not just wake up, as we do every morning, but also to awaken to a better, more true to life. In this sense, we are talking about the transformation of our subjectivity, when all previous daily life - "I got up, walked, lay down," as sung Mamonov - appears as a dream.
Here you are sitting, and I'm sitting. Then we're like, and then, somewhere closer to the night, prilyazhem. That is, in fact, from what our day consists of. And there is another ... I do not like these arguments about spirituality, but simply do have another way to use your brain - the intelligence that we have.
http://www.expert.ru/printissues/rus...view_podoroga/
26.09.2010, 00:39
How much is a dream
Древовидный вид
Похожие темы