Terminology

[gans]

Сообщение от Wladzislaw

In the Russian language there is a relatively stable, the term "printmaking", in order that the Anglo-Americans call "print".

The fact of the matter is that today there is a fairly stable, the term " print "and" Print "did not hear that now, would someone say.

[Кирилл Сызранский]

Сообщение от gans

and "printmaking" did not hear that now, would someone say.

No, engravers still call prints.
Print for myself called machine print reproduction.

[gans]

Сообщение от Cyril Syzransky

No, engravers still call prints.
Print for myself called machine print reproduction.

I say "engraving", "etchings". "Print", also mainly use for machine printing.

[Кирилл Сызранский]

Сообщение от gans

I say "engraving", "etchings".

Yes, in general, the word "printmaking" call all the prints.
Just one time the word was fashionable.

[Маруся]

Сообщение от Cyril Syzransky

Yes, in general, the word "printmaking" call all the engravings.

Yes, in general, no, because as far as I know, engraving from Ofori different, as "vpukloe mapping is convex. So, probably, woodcut engravings from copper (metals) is complicated processing.
And that is tlichaet them from lithography.
Or wrong?

[Кирилл Сызранский]

Maroussia, we have about the terms or about the technology.
Etching is also an engraving and printmaking, too.
I was a little confused in your questions.

[Маруся]

Etching is not exactly an engraving, in the opinion of people who know even more complex and sophisticated equipment.
Can all this be called Prints /print, I think not.
Therefore, and ask questions!

[LCR]

Сообщение от Maroussia

Etching is not exactly an engraving, in the opinion of people who know even more complex and sophisticated equipment.
Can all this be called Prints /print, I think not.
Therefore, and ask questions!

Russian term "engraving" (not a Russian, to be honest) is equivalent to the term of French origin printmaking (estampiller=affix a seal, label; estamp = print).
The etchings are divided into mechanical (eg, incisive etching, mezzotint, drypoint) and chemical (etching, aquatint, lavis), as well as by the method of printing: Letterpress printing (woodcut, paint is applied to the convex part of the board), intaglio (etching , the paint is rubbed into the recesses in the board) and flat print (lithograph, silkscreen, paint remains on neprorabotannyh certain parts of the composition of the surface).

The term "print" in my understanding is used to "humanise" reproduction.

[Кирилл Сызранский]

Сообщение от LCR

The term "print" in my understanding is used to "humanise" reproduction.

Of course, pontyarnee say "print" than to pull out of mothballs long "reproduction". : D

[gans]

Сообщение от Maroussia

Or not correct?

Estamp - from the French estamper - stamped, stamped - in print
paper. The original image is not done directly on paper,
on the plate of a solid material, which then drawing
printed, stamped with the press. It can get more than one
reprints, and much that is replicated graphic.
Printing is used and applied graphics in the poster, book
illustrations. But there the hard copy is made from the original,
by the artist, photomechanical, through the machine. At the same easel
schedule for Estampa printed form created by the artist himself, so
obtained a number of copies of original works of art of the same
artistic value, fully preserving the living and misuse
imprint of the creative work of the author.

The process of creating printed form from a solid material --
wood, metal, linoleum - is called engraving (from the French
words graver - cut out). Figure created by cutting,
scratching by a sharp instrument - a needle tool. Artworks
graphics, printed with an engraving printed form, name engraving.

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flat engraving - figure and background are on the same level;

is convex engraving - paint covers the surface of the picture - picture above
background level;

in-depth engraving - dye fills the grooves picture below
background.

Depending on the material from which to create a printed form differentiated
different types of engraving:

Lithography - the printed form is the surface of the stone (limestone).
The stone is very smooth polished and degreased. The image on
lithographic stone is put special fatty lithographic ink
or pencil. The stone is moistened with water, then rolled paint
adhering only to the previous drawing figure. Lithography was invented in 1798
year. In the 19 century is spreading to the easel and socio -
critical magazine chart. (French artist Honore Daumier:
"Lower the curtain, a farce played" 1834. "Transnonen Street, April 15, 1834
Year 1834. from 1837 to 1851. - Approximately 30 lithographic series --
"Robert Maner", "Paris types," "respectable bourgeois", "Activists
justice. ")

Algrafiya - lithography, lithography technique is similar, but
stone is used instead of aluminum plate.


Woodcut - woodcut, carved out a special tool. Paint
rolled on the plane of the original board. When printing on white paper
plots are carved with a chisel. Stamps are contour
drawing thick black lines. Woodcut appeared in the Middle Ages
makes it possible for the necessity of printing. (Germanic Painters Albrecht
Durer: Four Horsemen "1498g. and Hans Holbein the Younger Series of Prints
"Images of Death" 1524-1525g.g. )

Linocut - engraving on linoleum. As technology is very similar to woodcuts.
Linoleum - inexpensive, available material. Linocut easier to
performance compared with the woodcuts because of synthetic
used material (homogeneity, ovtsutstvie interfering cutter
synthetic fibers).

Metal engraving done on zinc, copper, iron, steel. Engraving on
metal is divided into print with etching and beztravleniya. There are a
number of techniques of this type of engraving - dry needle technique (closest
to the author's schedule, because they do not have much circulation), mezzotint
"(Black print), etching, aquatint, soft ground (or stalling lacquer).

Etching - from the French eau-forte - nitric acid. Figure
engraving scratched with a needle in a layer of acid-hard varnish,
covering the metal plate. Prtsarapannye place pickled
acid, and the resulting depth image is filled with paint and
stamped on the paper. (French artist Jacques Callot: A series of "Big
scourge of war "1633g., a series of" lower "1622g.)

Drypoint - pattern is applied directly to metal, by
scratching the edge of the solid needle touches on the surface of metal
board.

Mezzotint - from the Italian mezzo - medium and tinto - painted. Kind
depth engraving, in which the surface of the metal plaque granilnikom
roughened, giving printing solid black background. Land
boards, the appropriate light duty drawing scrape,
smooths, polished.

Aquatint - from the Italian aquatinta - a method of engraving, based on
disinfection with acid surface of the metal plate with the weld
asphalt or rosin dust and deposited with the image
brush kislotoottalkivayuschim varnish. Has a lot of shades of
black to white.

Each of the above methods of engraving is different in
Depending on the material and the instruments used. For example,
woodcarving more rigid, harsh, compared with an engraving on metal. By
style woodcut prone to exaggeration, generalization, tends to be bright,
expressive way. Tree - a headstrong, heterogeneous material
dictating its own conditions. Metal same - more organized, malleable.
Woodcut virtually inaccessible, delicate-flying line, dense
network of cross bars, which in the engraving on metal creates a gradual
transition from light to dark spots. Woodcut more akin to
a satirical works, it is more folk. (For example, splints, --
popular images relating to, as a rule, to the decorative graphics,
are simple and accessible manner, otklikayutchsya political
events, also depict scenes of everyday life. Media of lubok - usually
woodcut, lithography, or sometimes copper engraving, after a colorable
printing by hand.) Engraving on the same metal made, for example, in the technique
etching typically includes a rigorous system of parallel and
cross-strokes, the respective form of the depicted object. Etching
most accessible creation of volume, space and light.

  Lithography is, in comparison with other types of printed graphics, is quite
apart. As the most misuse, flexible and obedient tool
expression of artistic ideas. And the material in this case does not dictate
any of its terms. The artist can paint on the stone than on paper, and
depicted them with accuracy imprinted on the sheet.