Collectors

[Евгений]

Interesting article on ARTinvestment.RU (EA)
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2008 was a real "roller coaster ride" for the art world. On the one hand, loud records on auctions, the opening of new museums and galleries, and the emergence of new important players in the art market, on the other - the global economic crisis, which seriously intent on bend under him the art market. It is difficult to imagine a greater intensity of emotions. American Journal of Art Auction tells those who in 2008 was a "trendsetter" in the art world, those who have contributed to its globalization.

http://artinvestment.ru/invest/ratin...community.html

[Кирилл Сызранский]

Eugene, was also a reference to this article. Or not?

[Евгений]

Cyril Syzransky, the beginning of the post is already outdated .. it is new .. I personally German Martin Roth interested in (there is one issue.), So what would have been lost in the archives.

[Евгений]

There are many interesting information for the attribution of paintings (list-2110 collectors, referrals). (EA)
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Collectors of fine arts
ROSSIYSKOY EMPIRE

In early 2007, as part of the publishing project Rossiyskogo Noble Assembly and the Moscow publishing house Tsentrpoligraf "Russia forgotten and unknown" in the heading "Russia lifestyle" book was published
Collectors KEEPERS AND BEAUTY
Collegiate Dictionary Russian collectors
from Peter I to Nicolas II
1700-1918 gg.
The authors of the book AP Bannikov, SA Sapozhnikov

Readers are presented book, created in 2110 in memory of local collectors of art works and their heirs. In this more than two centuries of epic sealed the names of emperors, members of the aristocracy, nobility, merchants, even ordinary civil servants, clerks, and peasants. In Russia there was no class, which is not affected, this would be inspired and noble passion for collecting and the need for beauty.
In the book, 9 albums, inserts with 660 illustrations: portraits, palaces and galleries, collectors, which makes visible the images and the fruits of our countrymen who are the creators of the Hermitage, the Historical and the Russian Museum, Tretyakov Gallery, the Museum of Fine Arts, and many other art treasures, including the so - called "Small Hermitage" - their own home museums.
As with the entire series, a book intended for a wide range of readers, in this case, art historians and museum professionals, historians and genealogists, as well as public and political figures and scientists involved in the formation of new spiritual values of a resurgent Russia.
http://www.nobility.ru/?id=153

[Евгений]

(Alexander Dadiani: the owner of an antique picture "Alexander Art" and director of the auction house Crostby.)
   Interviewed by Max Schulz.
How did you come in the antique business?
- I started with Faberge. From generation to generation in our family passed ikornitsa two sturgeons and small jade watch. These two things became the starting point of my collection. Gradually gathering grew into a business. First came the first store, then the second, third ... The last fifteen years I have been doing mostly fine art - mainly Russian painting. But the most biased collecting icons. However, academics and itinerants also do not leave me indifferent.
   The family had some influence on your passion for art?
- Of course. My mother was a ballerina Georgian opera, so we spent much time in Tbilisi. My childhood was spent in a house near my mother's friend - Mirel Zdanevich. She was the wife of Apollo Kutateladze - a beautiful painter and rector of the Academy of Fine Arts of Georgia. Father Mirel - Cyril Zdanevich - first discovered Niko Pirosmani. So I have long been literally lived among the works of this remarkable primitivist. Passion Pirosmani remained with me all my life - I now have a collection of several priceless works of this artist, who live in my house and have my children and grandchildren to grow up among them.
  

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Do you feel like a representative of an ancient clan?
- Certainly. Rhode Dadiani Mingrelia known since 1036. According to its influence on the history of the Georgian people with Dadiani can compete unless Bagration. I keenly feel the connection between generations. Knowing that you are not accidental, that behind you there are generations and generations of your ancestors, gives a very strong emotions. Genetic memory helps me in my studies antiques. I can not tell you how I know what this thing is good, and she - no. This is totally irrational feeling, the voice of the blood. I can not offer their own definition of beauty, but I clearly discern the true beauty coming from the works of art. И не важно — полотна это старых голландских мастеров или работы советских нонконформистов.
    What can be called a business card "Alexander Art»?
- In November of next year we will organize an exhibition under the working title "Temporary guardian of the eternal." It will feature the works not only from the funds of the gallery, but have long been part of other collections, sold us the picture. For this exhibition, we will release the directory on which work is now. Through this directory, each new client "Alexander Art" will be able to obtain a fairly complete picture of our work.
  
   You can say that "Alexander Art" two spaces. One - in the building of the restaurant "Prague", another - in Crocus City. Why do you so much?

- "Alexander Art" in "Prague" - a classic antique shop, center, who visited such famous personalities as Bill Clinton and George W. Bush, Helmut Kohl and Gerhard Schroeder. This site focuses mainly on arts and crafts. However, if the "Prague" is on the Arbat, in the antique district of Moscow, the "Crocus" benefits from its unique infrastructure, luxurious design and location. "Alexander Art" in Crocus "- more modern, secular gallery. Antique business often requires confidentiality, but because we are specially equipped with some room for very important meetings. In addition, it is in Crocus "organized a special deposit of painting, giving the opportunity to professionally maintain the collection of our clients.

  What makes the collectors to engage in the gathering? Possibility of investing money?

- I think money is here of secondary importance. In the first place - a passion, which some collectors take sometimes features of passion. Collector finds some parallel life, the lives of its collection, seeks to replenish it. Incidentally, the main advantage of our work is not one-off sales, and the ability to create unique collections.
  
What about cleaning collections?

- It takes almost more popular than the formation! As a rule, we are talking about giving the collection a certain orderliness. For example, the definition of the concept of assembly, the distinction between value types, search history, publications, archival materials to the already acquired works, the definition of identity and fill gaps in the material, selection of subjects and authors who could most fully represent the idea of meeting.
   And what is usually the dropout rate?

- Approximately 50 per cent.
  
Today many talk about the fact that the level of Antiquarian Fair in CHA is gradually growing.

- I would not say so. There are five or six people, on which the Salon, the rest simply create the background. On the first I do not want to talk, because I do not want to do their advertising, while the others be offended if I call them "ballast". Generally, Antiquarian salon turned into tusovka professionals. This is a good market not only for business, how to communicate.
  
You can say the same about the International Fine Art Fair in the Manege?

- He is still young enough, but because, like all not completely settled, attracted great interest. But I think a couple of years salon also become a kind of club.
  
There is a stereotype is a thing as pride for the company. What it is exactly for you?

- The pride of the company - a reputation: the greater good, the good things we hear about our work, the more I realized that occupies a prominent place in our profession.
  
Do you have a professional dream?

- I strive to create a collection that proudly could smuggle across the world. My dream is that this exhibition was accompanied by mass of pleasant things: crowds, rave reviews from critics, the buzz among art historians. Then, there can be at peace: dwell at home or on the coast of France, I'll write a book. Something like Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea "... Little boat I got.

http://www.crostby.com/about/interviews-003.shtml
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  Photo: Alexander Dadiani.

[hanzen]

Сообщение от Eugene

book, created in 2110 in memory of local collectors of art works and their heirs.

Thanks for the information! Course, a very interesting publication. But, for all mnogogchislennosti referred to domestic collectors, the list is not complete. One can only express the hope that work will continue.

[Евгений]

Andrey Vasilyev (article in the Journal of 05.2005g)
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About Solomon Shuster, about a decade since the death of whom remembered the recent Moscow gallery "Our artists, to write is not easy. The image of his doubles, multiplies. From the first side of his life, film (kid jacket, a plaid cap and contraband Dunhill, zheltyaschy nicotine fingers and thin hands moving), everything is in order: a successful, moderately frondiruyuschy and socio-pointed director, the author is still popular Kinodrom like " Day reception on personal matters. The second hypostasis Shuster, of collection, is less clear, as if sags.

Soviet society is not aware of such studies, as a professional collector. Long before the birth of Shuster power, graft from any privacy, from the slightest whiff of private initiative, a little shy in her seemingly empty whim issues collectibles. Canonized image of the eccentric professor, deputy of the Baltic ", has admitted along with the Cadet beard some pictures on the wall and the trifles on the dresser, but any camera focus on a painting has already been the prerogative of the official art. This view could be changed only for a criminal plot. Ironically, here and there were more expressive, and life is regularly supplied material for artistic revelations. "The man with the double bottom", "Who are you really a citizen Shuster?" - These hypothetical headlines Soviet-sheet could easily go to work, bring power mad at the director and find fault with his "other life". But fortunately all evolved smoothly. Yuri Nagibin, leaving the pages of his diary of living space, even from close friends, about Shuster wrote a surprisingly simple and soft. The writer mentioned that Schuster, in order to get rid of the burdens of modernity, it is necessary only to emigrate to their "happy collector Arcadia.

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Ironically, Yuri Nagibin one sentence noted the features in the shape of Solomon Shuster, which was estimated by contemporaries as pizhonstvo or, at best, as dandyism Soviet bringeth. Here it should be noted that, differing from the others, Shuster in this still was not alone. The crowd at the premiere in Leningrad in the foyer of the House of Cinema has always been the association with extras Fellini and only then on certain features forced to recall the registration. But appearances Schuster and then was "too much" and had already pulled on dual spiritual citizenship.

Suede jacket, unhurried gait. Stoop and a clear hypertrophy of the chest made him look like a violinist with a picture of Yakovlev; tight starch expensive shirts, colored butterfly - not vulgar "Chaldean" STAR-kisom on an elastic band, and collected a complex and generous host, who has taught the art of tying Schuster old collector Bloch . Some unimaginable bostonovye suits and beaver coats, tweed jackets and lion that existed outside the Soviet ideas about fashion and therefore fall outside it, as some gimaty.

Alexander Benois once wrote on his business card - "servant of Apollo. There was less reason to do something similar and by Solomon Shuster is certainly the case for collecting very seriously. It is difficult to reconstruct the beginning of his collecting ways. What was on this road all the familiar counter parental values, inspires a sense of how much gain new, inaccessible to his father horizons. Undoubtedly, this problem - the hidden rivalries and at the same time continuing the family tradition - there. This also proves the sign for the pragmatic act of donation Shuster to the Hermitage of the best things of his father's congregation, and the constant controversy that sounded in his utterances and writings with respect to the classical models.

This coexistence with the classics became clear to anyone who crossed the threshold shusterovskoy apartment - suite of several rooms, once amputated from a large landowner and the emerging body of thirty-five years of municipal hell, and then to restore the illusion of sovereignty through a chain of unequal exchanges. By the way, once as a surcharge involved money received from the Russian Museum for a textbook, nearly three-meter, Mashkovskiy "Self-portrait with the portrait Konchalovsky. (Interestingly, some mansions could now raise the money from this picture?)

All interested parties in Moscow and Leningrad Solomon Shuster was known as a collector of Russian figurative painting of the twentieth century "to the left of the World of Art". But the first thing the visitor saw in his bedroom (which is reached directly from the hallway!), Was huge, prohibitive, even in the eyes of Madonna of the Bolognese school of colossal black carved frame. Surrounded by a host of angels, The Penitent Magdalene, Herodias and Judith with the severed head in his hands and serves painting marked the origin, the beginning shusterovskoy collection. That, and he was pushed off and what all to the end of his days retained baby respect. The same was said has always been a place of honor dress portrait of Ignatius Schuster brush Vladimir Makovsky. It was the only painting from the collection Ignatievitch Abraham, the father of Solomon, have been privileged to visit with the owner of the evacuation of the besieged city and return safely back.

This piety, this attention to the family, memorial, historical, or, if you will, the literary side of the focus is one of the most important features shusterovskoy collection. It existed in a vacuum, in contrast, was surrounded by not less important collections Okunev, Chudnovsky, Bloch, Paleeva, Loitsyansky, Ezrahi, Rybakova ... But attention to the history and existence of things, its correct attribution of the image the person - if it was a portrait -- by Shuster was exceptional. While in most cases the meeting - like the astonishing quality collection Chudnovsky - hung on the walls, then Shuster on display was visible, only one hundredth part of the iceberg. Everything else was kind of a creative laboratory, where stood the hypothesis to confirm or deny authorship, in search of references overturned mountains of literature. To some extent, collectors' professionalism Shuster manifested just in dealing with "incomprehensible" and rejected works. This is the meaning of his almost daily detours stores and little shops perestroika Leningrad, where regular social conflict was washed into the market quite a lot of interesting things. In the same and his amazing attention to an interested interlocutor (let even a youngster), in which Shuster always saw a colleague and comrade for "high disease" - collecting. Demonstration paintings of his collection is always accompanied by questions about what the audience thinks of as a painting on the model, the time of painting. Professionalism attributable to study the origin of his paintings, correspondence with museums and private individuals, shtudirovanie phone books and departmental handbooks, the endless view of multi-editions, anthologies and collections.

The commonplace view is always a collector or a misfit, ignoring the value of his time and knows that winning the Hamburg account, or a pragmatic businessman, investing in art. For Solomon Schuster These considerations obviously wrong. Certainly, the first thing he adopted - is the aesthetic criteria. Equally clearly, that these criteria, at least initially, were largely shestidesyatnicheskimi, a little superficial and naive, built on the exclusion of representations which are old nauseam about the "Russian realism."

Equally clearly, that since his "sensual aestheticism" came into conflict with his love of the true history and with the desire for an orderly systematic collection of objects, the search for roots. This attention to the masters of the second plan, to their biographies, not so much to acquisitions, many failures and losses. By the fate of a failed, forgotten names, trampled lives. Shuster could sit for hours in any room communal apartment in Leningrad, vysprashivaya a forgetful child long dead artist features biography of his ancestor, or rush to the village where the attic waiting for all the forgotten archives of Hope Lermontov.

In the same plane and is a keen interest Shuster to the artists of the Russian emigration. Not only to well-known name and stable reputation, but also to the almost unknown at that time figures. Even before any change in the political situation, he managed to find relatives in Moscow, St. Paul Chelishchev granted after the death of the painter of his legacy. As soon as an opportunity, he became one of the first Russian to actively buy things abroad. And not only at auctions and at dealers, but also directly in the offspring, in anticipation of "feats" of the new Russian gallerists.

There is no doubt that in addition to understanding the material, a prestigious and aesthetic status of the collection, he realized the general cultural value of their hobbies. That is why, as soon as an opportunity, he was involved in working at the Cultural Foundation in organizing exhibitions of private collections. This, perhaps, was determined and its relatively late arisen a need to record the history of their discoveries. Part he published them in a friendly mood to his magazine "Our Heritage", the rest is written in the table. What not fall on the paper, said by some to infinity grinding in an oral retelling, each time finding new details and more.

It is not alien to the joys of life, a lover of maps, good tobacco, wine, and comfort, Shuster seemed the embodiment of hedonism. His friends, communication, addiction, some special rootedness in the world of things, knowledge, even "znatochestvo" items, diluted it with metaphysics, did not appropriate any conversations with him on this subject. But he was gone, and much of his activity was suddenly take on volume, depth and significance. Some surface reflection and finds Schuster ten years have grown fanciful interpretations, evaluation and attribution for someone to have become almost standard, and the everyday life of the Leningrad-Moscow collector gradually turns the object of almost academic study. It becomes clear that he Shuster knew about all this, and if he did not know, then guess, trying to preserve for others something that could save it alone. When he died, one of the relatives expressed a bit paradoxical idea of his fate after death, suggesting that beyond the objective environment it is likely to be "infinitely boring". After ten years, would like to think that this is not so. Probably, "there," Solomon Abramovich Schuster, coming into contact with ideas of things "and the prototype of the pictures, finally acquired the knowledge of the past.
http://www.iskusstvo-info.ru/2005/5/06_66_73.htm
By topic: the book by S. Shuster "Profession collector" http://forum.artinvestment.ru/showpo...mp;postcount=2

[hanzen]

Eugene, given your high title of "Guru", with which I fully agree, I venture to ask, not whether you know the name of the collector A. Gordon. I am interested in the history of acquisition of his collection.

[Евгений]

While walking along the alleyways of the Old City ingenious Geneva did not immediately find the street Grange, she is somewhat on the sidelines - once had its stables and barns, which gave the name of the street.
And of course, profane never find a small but interesting museum is located. Meanwhile, it is worth it: Musée Fondation Zoubov - private collection of art objects, many of which are unique.
Russian man, of course, immediately interested to know - why teeth?

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The full name of the founder of the collection - Rosario Julia de Shiffner Lareha Zubov (1892-1984). Future Countess was born in Argentina (in her veins flowed the blood of the German and Argentine), the son of a wealthy businessman - his father, Emilio Shiffner, engaged in trade of grain, in addition to sugar cane plantations, owned the property.
One of the richest heiresses of Argentina, Rosario grew up traveling between Buenos Aires, Berlin, London and romandskoy Riviera - Colony.
The first wife of the future countess was the Italian Ambassador, with whom she lived in Tehran.
Widowed, she remarried - for the Count Sergei Zubov. The wedding took place in 1922 in Colony, as is known, most luxurious suburb of Geneva.
Graf Rakhmanov Sergei Zubov (1881-1964) was not just a graph, a descendant of the famous favorite of Catherine II of Plato Zubov, the same one that took a direct part in the conspiracy against Paul I. According to legend, Zubov said Paul I - "You are no longer the emperor," and in response to a reasonable clout, hit him with a snuff in the temple. What happened next, you know ...
Count Sergei Rakhmanov was born in Moscow but spent his childhood in St. Petersburg, the Zubovsky palace. Family Zubov, like many wealthy people of that time has spared no money to charity: at his own expense built a home for invalids in the First World War - a military hospital, and was engaged in the health unit trains.
Curious fate of his younger brother Sergei Platonovich - Valentina: frequenter of the famous poetry cafe "Stray Dog", he first taught art history at St. Petersburg University, and then, in the first years after the revolution, has collaborated with Lunacharsky: Gatchina was the director of the museum. After immigrating, he took an active part in the activities of the Russian diaspora, was an employee of Russian Thought.
Sergei Zubov spent much time abroad. He was engaged in writing fiction and poems and plays - one of them was brought to the stage of the Imperial Theater of St. Petersburg.
After the Revolution, having lost all their money and possessions, Zubov family emigrated to Western Europe.
Was tragic fate of the only daughter of Rosario and Sergei Zubov, Tatiana: she died young - in 1957, crashed in a car accident in Uruguay. Her remains were moved and buried in Geneva, at the cemetery of St. George.
In memory of the prematurely deceased daughter Countess Zubov and decided to donate his vast collection of the city. Numerous works of art, meet at one year, are open to the public.
Zubov wanted her apartment on Grange Street, 2 have become available to the public, as well as for organizing official events - for this purpose in 1973 was the fund is "In memory of Countess Tatiana's teeth."

What are the exhibits presented in this collection?

Numerous paintings, drawings, prints, Chinese enamel, glassware, objects of worship and, moreover, the very atmosphere of rooms in the spirit of 18 th century salons regularly draw visitors.
A separate interest are items related to Russia: many of them are "born" from the Stroganov Palace and Pavlovsk palaces of St. Petersburg.
For example, all the chandeliers and wall lights from rock crystal and bronze - it is there: they date from the 18 century.
Types of St. Petersburg, captured by French artist Laprensom, in addition to spectacular scenery, and give an idea about the daily life of citizens. After living several years in Russia, Laprens well learned and handed in his works interesting details of everyday life - he Diderot admired his paintings.
Portrait of Catherine II, Paul I, the Empress Maria Feodorovna brush Italian Lampi - a real jewel of the collection - after all, his works can boast of a few private collections!
The artist spent some time in Russia at the royal court, writing a few portraits of the royal family and courtiers.
But the highlight of the collection is the cabinet "Catherine II": furniture and porcelain crowns great 18 th century tapestry depicting the great empress.
Standing with a scepter in his hands in front of the bust of Peter the First, it seems to be recalled that became his successor. "What started accomplished" - reads the inscription above her head.
Tapestry interesting in the history of production.
In 1716 it was Peter I laid the foundation for Russia's production tapestried tissues - in St. Petersburg in an effort to beautify the yard in the European manner. Thanks to him, the best French masters opened their studio in St. Petersburg.
In the period of ruling of Catherine II, the boom died down somewhat. Finally, financial constraints have led to the fact that in 1859 the production of tapestries was discontinued.
Another jewel of the Cabinet - a portrait of Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna, daughter of Paul I - the brush Borovikovsky.
In paying tribute to the taste of Catherine the Great, Diderot, its correspondent, wrote: "Among the total peace we sell our paintings and statues, while Catherine is buying them in the midst of war. Science, art, taste, wisdom back to the north, and the barbarity of his companions descended on south.
In addition to the collection of interest and the house itself and its history. A sample of the classical architecture of 18 century with elements of the Greco-Roman aesthetics, he has seen in his lifetime is not a celebrity, including Camillo de Cavour - one of the initiators of the unification of Italy (the house belonged to his mother).
For centuries, the house owned by the famous Geneva names - Sarazen, Sellon and others.
One of the most prominent owners was Genevan politician Jean-Jacques de Sellon, a humanist, an aristocrat and the original. For example, on the anniversary of the death of Calvin in 1814, he advocated the establishment of a huge statue of the great reformer ... right at the entrance to the Old Town!
But city officials rejected his initiative. Not long thinking, Sellon installs large tombstone in memory of Calvin on his terrace - the museum visitors will be able to see it in the courtyard.

Finally, with the inner terrace house offers a magnificent view of New Square, one of the most beautiful in the city - the Countess Zubovaya can not be denied in its taste.
Visiting the museum, you will touch the history of St. Petersburg and Geneva, and feel the connection between them, in the cozy atmosphere of a private collection.
     Museum http://www.nashagazeta.ch/моя-швейца...культур

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1 2.Zinaida Serebryakov. Portrait of Rosario-Zubov.

[Евгений]

Publications Peter's time is a very special and original group of antique books, fundamentally different in its content and artistic polygraph clearance from the previous books as well as the subsequent time .. transforming activity of Peter I in all spheres of Russian society has led to the rapid socio-economic and political development of the country at the beginning of the XVIII century, the rapid growth of the national culture, science, education, bearing a pronounced secular character, contributed to the wide development of publishing in the service of the interests of the state of transformation and development of a new culture.

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It is known that Peter I personally supervised the printing and publishing, he is topical publications, selected books for translation, was engaged in editorial work, monitor the print quality, a lot of attention given to the publications, including the quality of paper and perepleta.S his name is connected with the creation of the printing house for printing of secular books in Russian in Amsterdam (1698-1702), the base of the St. Petersburg Printing (1712), in a short time has become a leading country for the publication of books civilians, the emergence of new types of publications, etc., and most importantly -- reform of the Russian alphabet and on its basis - the press (1707-1710). Ease of learning, ease of recruitment of new civil alphabet, replacing the old Kirillovskaya with its sophisticated graphics and more complex (with accent marks), typesetting, democratized reading, contributed to the spread of literacy, education publishing new challenges, opening the country's entire network of educational and special schools at the beginning of the century contributed to the emergence of numerous and diverse content of textbooks, publications applied nature. Thus, in 1701 at the Moscow Printing House was released first in the XVIII century textbook - "Primer" F. Polikarpova with everyday prints, first given in the Russian book Greek and Roman fonts. The text of "Primer" (in Russian, Greek and Latin languages) located on the pages in parallel, in two or three rows. This arrangement of the material will continue to be widely used in print editions of civilian to military and merchant marine legislation.

In 1703 came out in "Arithmetic", compiled by the Russian mathematician, a teacher of mathematics and navigation school Leontiem Magnitski. In addition to arithmetic, the textbook were included foundations of algebra, geometry, trigonometry in their application to mechanics, geodesy, navigation, in describing the geometry of the first in Moscow printing practices in the textbook have been placed drawings and applied Arabic numerals. Absorbed all the latest knowledge in the field of mathematics, "Arithmetic" L. Magnitsky served as a reference book than one generation of students.

In 1704 at the Moscow Printing House was issued one of the first Russian dictionaries of foreign words - "Lexicon treyazychny" FP Polikarpov, intended for those wishing to study Greek and Latin languages. At the end of the book is placed one of the first lists of "typographical errors" (spelling), there is a subject index and register textbook ranks. In 1705 in Amsterdam at that time, a significant edition (700 copies) released the first native emblematic reference - "Symbols and Emblemata. Its publication was caused by the need of the reader to know simvolisticheskih emblems and images - the necessary attributes of the Baroque style, the official style of Russian culture at the beginning of XVIII century. On the content of the book was a compilation of Western models slogans and allegories (total 840 engravings on copper), borrowed from foreign sources. Slogans were cited in nine languages: Russian, Latin, French, Italian, Spanish, German, English, Dutch and Flemish. The book had two upper-sheet: one - an engraved name of the book in Russian and a portrait of Peter I, surrounded by eight engravings of prisoners in medallions, on the other - the same text in Latin. In 1788 the book was reissued in 1809 came the third, and in 1811 - fourth edition, which indicates the duration of its practical application.

In 1708, the Moscow Printing House was released "Geometry slavenski surveying" (circulation - 200 copies) - The first Russian book of Civil printing. The publication is a translation into Russian is widely known in the West of the textbook, personally reign of Peter I. In some instances "Geometry" were woven frontispiece and 135 engraved on copper drawings of the foreign master to board the German edition, published in Augsburg. At the top of the engravings placed drawing, and at the bottom - the image of the Hungarian fortress. Отсутствие в большинстве экземпляров "Геометрии" чертежей было, по-видимому, причиной того, что через одиннадцать месяцев книга была переиздана, но уже под заглавием "Приемы цыркуля и линейки" с чертежами работы П.Пикарта. In "Geometry" is one of the first subject indexes - Directory textbook books.

Also in 1708 the Moscow Printing House issued a "butt kako written compliments different ..." - The first Russian printed pismovnik containing samples of various letters, including the "vocative", "invitation", "thank-you", "zastupitelnyh", "comforting" and others "butt" was first introduced reference to the addressee "you", contained sample letters specifically addressed to "the female sex." Circulation edition - 300 copies. This book was an extraordinary success with the reading public and in the same year, was reissued, but with a larger number of "compliments", in 1712 she came third edition in 1725 (already under Catherine I) - the fourth, which is a reprint of the previous editions. In 1717, St. Petersburg Printing (founded in 1710) has released the first secular textbook "Youth honest mirror, intended for school and home education. The publication consisted of two parts - "ABC" and actually "Mirror", that is, rules of conduct for the nobility, which reflect the main features of Russian society early XVIII century, and, apparently, had a printed version, as shown, and individual pagination of each part. The popularity of the publication from his contemporaries was so great that in the same 1717 "Youth honest mirror" was published twice more, and in 1719 the book was published fourth edition (circulation 1200 copies) and in subsequent years was reprinted several times.

In 1720, in Moscow came to light "Polydorus Virgil Urbino Eighth Book of the inventors of things ..." - One of the first Russian reference books for home reading, a kind of home encyclopaedia, containing almost all the necessary information from the person of a variety of sciences. Actually encyclopaedia are only three parts of the book, and the remaining five are purely theological in nature, revealing the history of Christianity and the Christian Church, describing the origins and execution of the holy sacraments, church ceremonies, etc. "Eighth Book ..." is the first Russian book, according to some information from the bibliography and the book. The book was translated from the Latin and published at the command of Peter I, who found it useful for the Russian reader. Its first edition was published in Rome in 1499 and since then the book was reprinted in different languages. Later, its author Polydore Vergil of Urbino - a scientist-theologian of the first half of XVI century - wrote to her three more books on miracles, which, however, the Russian language is not translated. He has translated the book into Russian Feofilakt Lopatinsky - church leaders began the XVIII century and "zealous accuser split.

The book would have more success if the listed items arranged in alphabetical order. The second edition was released by NI Novikov in 1782. Unlike the first edition of the size of a sheet of it was the format of 8 °.

Creation of the army and navy in Russia in the first quarter of XVIII century, the development of science, the extensive urban development have caused the emergence of numerous books on military affairs, fortification, navigation, shipbuilding, engineering, astronomy, geography, architecture and construction, etc. In 1708 came the first in Russia printed technical book on Hydraulic Engineering: "The book is about how, who create vodohozhdenie rivers free", known as "The Book sluznaya (sluice). In 1709 was issued tselnogravirovannoe (copper) "Rule of five ranks of architecture" Barotstsi Giacomo da Vignoles, built together with Michelangelo's St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome - the first Russian book on architecture. The book is a portrait of the author, engraved by Alexei Zubov, and 102 drawings of columns, porticos, gates, doors, stairwells, engraved by Peter Bunin, Yegor Vorobiev and Ivan Zubov. All prints are copies of Western models. In 1712, the book has been reprinted with the printed text and a similar engravings, and in 1722 was issued a new edition of a book differs from the previous larger size (leaf, against the previous 8 °).

Three times the light went out in the translation of the book E. Borgsdorfa "Victorious Fortress" (1708, 1709.1710), the first edition of which was performed included Russian engravers original drawings, but not peregravirovannye from foreign originals.

Of interest is the book "The teaching and practice of the artillery, Johann Buchner (1711, ch 1-3), on the frontispiece of the first part which, instead of the Saxon town (a copy of the German edition) shows the Kremlin Wall on the part of the Moskva River with additional earthworks. This is the only surviving image of the Moscow Fortress "(special buildings erected in 1707 in connection with the danger of the invasion of Charles XII in Moscow), engraved P. Pikart.

In 1719 St. Petersburg printing house produced the first Russian "Charter military", approved March 30, 1716 and consolidated the creation in Russia of the regular army, which regulates all aspects of her life and work. The wealth of content "Charter military is significantly superior to all the rules of Western European countries, its provisions without any change in force until the end of XIX century. Being the most important monument of the legislation in the military history of Russia, "the Charter" has had an undeniable influence on the development of Russian criminal law.

Among the books of natural science subjects repeatedly reprinted, Geography, or a brief description of the terms of the Earth "(1715, 1716) - one of the first printed Russian books on geography, and" The Book mirozreniya, or agree on nebesnozemnyh Globe "(1717, 1724) - the first printed edition in popular form, setting out the doctrine of Copernicus.

Among the publications humanities beginning of the century more than half of historical works, including those issued in many editions Book Quinta Kurtz of the cases, committed by Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia "(1709, 1711.1717, 1722, 1724)," The History of the Destruction of the last St. City of Jerusalem "(1713, 1716, 1723)," Introduction to gistoriyu European ... " (1718), which probably should be regarded as one of the first Russian scientific publications. This edition contains one of the first Russian book explanation of terms - "the interpretation of obscure utterance.


Editions of fiction in the modern sense of the words of Peter almost did not go, although the first Russian literary and artistic book "Proverbs Essop," which Peter I loved to read and often quoted, was published at the beginning of the XVIII century (Amsterdam, 1700). The book is illustrated with engravings.

In a large number (approximately 70%of the total number of emerged editions) published a variety of legislative and information of an official nature: government decrees, regulations, manifestoes, reports about the hostilities, the publication, reflecting the official view of any events, etc., intended promote and explain the masses reform policies of Peter I. Serves this purpose and the new form and content of publications that appeared in the beginning of the century: an engraving plates, newspaper, magazine.

Through the efforts of Peter I had in 1698 in Moscow at the Armory under the direction of the Dutch engraver A. Shhonebeka specifically discharged from abroad, established the first Russian engraving workshop, which had the duty to "grydorovat gistorii, Person, landscape and city buildings. .. fortresses and home ...". Made widely known Shhonebekom engraving large-format "The Capture of Azov" (1699) with the image of Peter I, a portrait of Peter the Great, which dates from the year 1698, and others - a total of seventy-eight sheets. Technique engraving, which used the A. Shhonebek - etching with a small refinement cutter - was later borrowed by Russian craftsmen.

Issue engraved copperplate maps, drawings, tables, wall calendars, published annually by the high volume and containing a variety of information about the history, astronomy, medicine, etc., in 1705 and implemented the Civil printing VA Kiprianova. One of the publications printing - the famous "Calendar neishodimy" (1709-1715) on six sheets, known as Bryusov calendar. Along with the astronomical data it contains so-called prognostics - predicting the weather, harvests, wars, etc. Calendar of had an extraordinary popularity among the people and repeatedly reissued until the beginning of XX century.

Gets the spread sheet engraving depicting court ceremonies - "Fireworks" and "illuminations" (the first such list was published in Russia in 1697). Image of fireworks and illumination, which over time turned into this theatrical "act" with its program, directing, stage and scenery, has led to the creation of albums, and engraved uvrazhey - one of the first Russian art literature, the prototype of the modern employee publications on art and photo albums (the famous Mars book). However, the widespread development, they are already in the next historical period.

In December 1702 was issued the first Russian "Yurnal, or daily painting ..." (ie, the daily check-in events) about the capture, the Noteburha (Schliisselburg). Who had a large format and is designed for hanging on the wall, "Yurnal" printed on one side of the bonded sheets. Before 1710 came out 14 such "Yurnalov", printed in Cyrillic, decorated simply and strictly.

To clarify and promote public policies in the masses from December 1702 on the initiative of Peter I in Moscow began to appear the first Russian printed newspaper "Vedomosti".

Results in the first quarter of XVIII century in Russia was published about 600 titles of books (including about 300 civilians) with a total circulation of about 500 thousand copies. Circulation separate book was 100-1200 copies, but the ABC, ABC, and calendars were printed in much larger quantities.

Enhancing the role of books in society, expanding its target readership and purpose, the emergence of new types of media (newspaper, magazine, engraving as a separate edition, cards, calendars), etc. and helped change the publishing and printing of the book forms the beginning of the century, its composition, structure, appearance, techniques and methods of art and printing design.

These changes were primarily associated with the establishment of civil script imposed by Peter I in 1708-1710, respectively, and have reduced the format to the user-friendly 8 °, 12 ° and 16 °. However, the most common format of Peter's book is 4 °.

Bindings civil Book early century traditionally all-leather, but unlike the books of the preceding period - on the basis of a carton. Typically, the perimeter of the upper lid cover is easy ornamental frames, reproduced blind, at least - gold-embossed, embossed with the same title of the book is decorated and bintovoy root. There are bindings to finish pryskom surface superekslibrisom. Morocco and expensive types of tissues in the bindings Petrovsky time used rarely.

Books printed on laid paper mainly of foreign origin (mainly Dutch); Russian paper is rare.

In Civil book disappears two-color printing, there are relatively few decorative elements, they play a minor role. Exception in this regard are engraved on the tree ending, replacing a typical manuscripts and printed books the end of the text in the form of a triangle or a bowl.

Beauty Pages attained well-organized set of elementary and typographical ornaments - most often a narrow inlaid frame, framing options. The means of decorating books and is himself a font. For example, the cover sheet "geometry" (1708) point font five different pins (sizes). Many books have engraved frontispiece.

Illustrations, as such, for Peter's book is not characteristic, illustrated books out a little. An exception in this respect is the publication of fables, Aesop parables "(Moscow, 1712) and" The spectacle of the lives of the human "(Moscow, 1712). Most of the illustrations is of a purely practical nature: it is drawings, diagrams, technical drawing, diagrams, plans, maps, etc. They are printed separately from the text in the technique of engraving on copper (incisal, etching), and often have a size larger than the book itself.

Many books Petrovsky time were transferable, so the engravings, illustrations often are copies of foreign publications. Russian masters, however, usually have made them something of their own. The best engravers of the time were regarded as brothers Alex and Ivan Zubov, who worked in the technique of etching and created a large number of book illustrations and engraved sheets as separate publications. They play football and the introduction of technology in Russia, mezzotint (from Italian. Mezzo - medium and tinto - colored) or "black manner" - a kind of manual method of platemaking in-depth engraving on metal, different depth and velvety chiaroscuro, allowing the transfer of a semitone image.

Brothers Zubov more than one hundred drawings and engravings of images to the book of the outstanding Italian architect Giacomo da Vignoles Barotstsi "Rule of five ranks in Architecture" (1709), one of the first Russian publications on architecture and construction. Cutters Alexei Zubov owned an engraving-the allegory of the book "The Charter of the sea" (1720), a drawing Carlo Rastrelli, the illustrations for "Geography of the general" B. Waren (1718); vignette with river view, placed at the beginning of each issue of "Vedomosti" issued at St. Petersburg; engraving from "The Book of Mars" (St. Petersburg, 1713), etc.

An integral part of Peter's book is the cover page, beginning with the title of the book and initially retains the traditional text: "The most pious command of a great ruler of our king and the Grand Duke Peter I ..." Subsequently (approximately 1709-1710 years) he is reduced to the words: "the command of His Majesty." Some books are engraved avantituly.

Improved and more advanced features of the reference apparatus edition: in Peter's book, first appears contents, a clear division of the text into chapters and paragraphs, and various auxiliary pointers, explanations of terms, a list of typographical errors (typos). Forming reference and auxiliary elements of the book (folio, footer). In the early twentieth century folio books often located in the right margin of each odd page numbering was carried polistno. Only after the reform of the alphabet, starting with the 1708 was introduced by page numbering in Arabic numerals. Compulsory element of the book Petrovsky time remains Custodio.

If the dating of defective books Cyrillic printing beginning of the XVIII century, in addition to elements of the exterior form appropriate to rely on historical realities in the text books, especially the direct and indirect references to historical figures. For example, prior to December 1721, when Russia became an empire, but Peter I - the emperor and autocrat of all the Russias, in the text books constantly referred to "Reigning our king and saint," "pious our king and the Grand Duke," "pious Orthodox our king . In liturgical books until that time was not accepted at the royal title to mention a proper name (instead of the title placed the abbreviation "imrk" it meant only its conditional pronunciation). From January 1722 in the respective cases, take the name of their own, often with listed and members of the imperial family. From 1741 titles and names mentioned in a continuous text of the liturgical books are beginning to stand out in large type.

Booksellers, working with the book Petrovsky time, it must be remembered that all the editions of the first quarter of the XVIII century have reached us in very limited quantities and are of great rarity on the secondhand market. This is connected not only with the natural decrease of books, but also the extermination of their opponents of Peter's transformation and destruction just for the "useless".

Some of the books of Peter's epoch known to us in isolated instances: for example, "The Book of Mars" (1713) - in 18 copies, the publication Polydorus Virgil Urbino "Eighth Book of the inventors of things ..." (1720) - in six, "Youth honest Mirror" - in two, and one of them badly damaged. Some of the books beginning of the XVIII century, known only by description. Apparently, no preserved printing complete edition of the Characters and Emblemata, reprinted Petersburg printing house in 1719 with the first Amsterdam edition of 1705, etc. Some of the books (especially chronographs, cheap popular books, prints, flyers, and even acts of state, signed by hand Peter I) was destroyed after his death as undermining the prestige of the spiritual and secular power. Such is the case, for example, suffered the famous "The truth will monarch", written by Theophanes Prokopovich for the sole purpose to justify the famous decree of Peter I on the throne, the monarch himself gave the right to appoint his successor, bypassing the legal heirs. This book, after accession to the throne of Peter II, in accordance with the decree of the Supreme Privy Council was removed from the population and of the government offices in a number of 14931 copies (1733). At the direction of the same council (1727) have been removed Peter's decrees and the manifest associated with the succession to the throne Prince Alexei Petrovich and queen Evdokiya Lopukhina. In 1731 it was ordered removed from the population all copies of the book S. Puffendorfa Introduction to gistoriyu European ", since it insulting spoken about his father of Anna Ioannovna - John Alexeyevich etc. The last book, however, was returned to owners after it made corrections, and after the accession of Elizabeth once again allowed to free treatment.


Conservation of Peter's books Civil press did not help and bibliophiles, who until the middle of the XIX century have not seen it collectible. One of the first in Russia started to collect the publication time of Peter I FE Sokurov, whose collection contains 91 book and 6 engravings. In subsequent decades, experiencing a rapid growth of interest in the books beginning of the XVIII century as a remarkably vivid and unique monuments of his era, publications, fundamentally new in content and form. This fact and should be considered second-hand bookshop in the first place in the study of Peter's book as a commodity.

The main source for the study of publications of Peter's time is the fundamental "Description of the Civil print publications 1708 - jan. 1725" TA Bykova and MM Gurevich (Moscow, Leningrad, 1955), in which a bibliographic description of books is given in accordance with the original order of description on the title page (the so-called titular or photographic description), with all existing options; There are indications of the degree of rarity of the edition and history of the origin of each book

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  One of the first of Peter's books in the Cyrillic alphabet (civil edition).
  Caesar Baronius "Acts church and civil" .1719 g.
  part2. (700g to 1198g)
Author: Caesar Baronius. (Baronius) (1538-1607).
Publisher: Moscow Printing House. (In 1721 the Moscow Synodal Press).
Year of Publication: 1719
http://forum.artinvestment.ru/album....pictureid=3895
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Interested in the first volume of this publication. (It is no title in any condition).