Interesting information for the attribution of silver and antique items. (EA)
-------------------------------------------------- ----------------- «Some information about the St. Petersburg gold and silver
Masters of. (1714-1814 )».
(Old Years: Monthly for lovers of art and antiquities. - 1907. - Jan. - S. 7-13.)
A page of the journal
Over the past twenty years the West has repeatedly drawn attention to the masters of the golden and silver light, and appeared in many of these studies. We now have more or less detailed information about the masters of former times in Germany, France, Britain, Denmark, etc. We know their brand, we can clarify the role of many of them in the arts and their degree of talent. Thus, we may in rare, perhaps, exceptions to determine who is filled with antique items overseas production. It's time we take up the case, remains as yet quite untouched, unexplored and unknown. We are so accustomed to looking at works of art as a subject of foreign origin, which is almost always believe good things brought from abroad, unless there is direct evidence of the opposite. In view of this, all our museums and private collections replete with examples of wrong definition of various silver and gold objects, as things overseas production, whereas they performed in Russia.
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On close acquaintance with this subject, we not only can make sure that we have had excellent masters, though mostly of foreign origin, but also in the fact that many works of their hands, survived and reached us.
For six years, the author of this little article, from various archives (Ministry of the Imperial. Dvora, Min. Finance, trade management and so on.), As well as from many other sources, compiled a rather extensive article on the subject.
The most accurate and complete information, preserved on the St. Petersburg artists, and why we dare to publish this material
as a first experience, hoping that there will be other researchers, which over time will add to what has not yet been set.
Start a silver case in St. Petersburg, rise almost to the time of the town, as Peter the Great, at the very beginning of the XVIII century, wrote to the new capital from Moscow and from abroad to many different kinds of artisans and artists, among which were gold, and silversmith.
Accurate information on the latest start in 1714, when the Emperor allowed the masters of the foreigners to join the guild, approved by him in 1721 and 1722 years. Peter the Great, later, introduced the example of the west shops throughout Russia. Empress Catherine II defined in more detail the internal structure of Russian shops in the "Handicraft Regulations" in 1785 and, finally, the Emperor Paul I have finally organized them in a "Charter shop in 1799
Shop were masters, journeymen and apprentices. At the head of each department stood steward, elected masters crafts, which alone enjoyed the right to vote. The guild-masters became a craftsman who has received the certificate on this title and enacted in the shop, after celebrated by no less than three years as an apprentice and after the enforcement of a "trial work» (Meisterstück).
Master enjoyed the exclusive privilege of holding a workshop, apprentices and students and to acquire rights of the urban citizen. This privileged position passed to the widow of the wizard.
Obviously, at first, when Peter the Great has been given permission to connect to the shops, foreigners from the masters, first, we felt a need of such an institution, as they were in a strange land, did not know Russian language, and even at home are accustomed to laws, requirements and responsibilities of the guild system, which existed in the west everywhere in the Middle Ages.
Thus, gold and silversmith from foreigners joined in 1714 in the shop, which was, after approval, followed in 1721, the title: «Das Amt der löblichen Gold-und Silberarbeiter in St.-Petersburg».
Archives of this even today the existing plant, which we called, contains many interesting and valuable material for the history of the silver case. Up to 80 years of the XVIII century. Books on making disciples, apprentices, and the discharge of their manufacturing in the wizard do not always, however, were given sufficient notice and have a lot of gaps. Since 1787, thanks to the organizational talents of the then mayor, Joachim Gasselgrena were instituted new books and an opportunity to fill gaps in the old, were then set up shop, cash books, etc., so that from this year's information are already full.
The first mayor of the foreign department was Johann Jasper, and the date of approval of the shop - Gottfried Hildebrand. This Hildebrand, born in Dorpat, was in 1707 a prisoner in Moscow and is one of those early masters who were sent to the new capital by Peter the Great. Until the Empress
Catherine II in a foreign shop were comparatively few artists, but since then their number is becoming more and more increases and reaches to the beginning of the XIX century. approximately one hundred and fifty.
Here is a list of the first St. Petersburg gold and foreign silversmiths shop until 1735:
1714. Jasper. Johann Jasper. 1718, 1727.
1717. Day. Abraham Dey.
1719. Reimer. Johann Reymer.
1721. Hildebrandt. Gottfried Hildebrand.
1721. Beyer. David Beyer. 1725.
1721. House (Don). Nicolay Dohm.
1721. Shnauts. Antony Schnautz.
1721. Holst. Johann Holst.
1721. Lud. Jacob Lud.
1721. Stark. David Staark.
1721. Schultz. Johann Schultz.
1721. Udendal. David Udendahl.
1724. Dankvard. Joachim Danckward.
1724. Fridrihsons. Friedrichson.
1724. Kepping. Claus Jacob Köpping. 1741.
1724. Sharpinel. Scharpinel.
1725. Dunkel (Tunceli). Wilhelm Dunkel, † 1744.
1725. Lees. Charles Lys, † 1746.
1726. Bauman. Carl Friedrich Baumann.
1726. Bock. Matthias Bock.
1727. Gipps. Samuel Gips.
1728. Bibo. Cornelius Bibo.
1728. Dummer. Jacob Dammer.
1729. Drumnen. Drumnen.
1729. Kyunsteler. Friedrich Wilhelm Kunsteler.
1731. Bam. Böhm.
1731. Uder. Uder.
1731. Deyhman. Zacharias Deichmann.
1731. Tsart. Johann Heinrich Zahrt. 1745.
1734. Node. Pierre Naudé.
1735. Catalan. Katalau.
1735. Klifman. George Klifman.
1735. Martens. Johann Martens (Martin).
1735. Opman. Heinrich Opmann.
1735. Rubert. Niklas Rubert.
1735. Schmal. Johann Schmahl. 1754.
1735. Styulberger. Sebastian Stuelberger.
All books, accounts, certificates, business, etc., from the very beginning of the existence of a foreign plant and until now, were in German. This is explained by the fact that the Germans had occupied in the shop first in size. They moved to St. Petersburg not only from Germany but also from Courland, Livonia and Estland cities of Poland and Moscow, which has long existed the German colonies, often as they migrated from Finland, where in Vyborg, Villmanstrand and Fredrikshamn too , since the beginning of XVII century., formed similar colonies of immigrants from the Germans. Second place, occupied by the Swedes, some of them came to us also from Finland. This is followed by the French and the Finns. Besides these nations, we find among the masters of the Danes, British, Austrians, Armenians, Italians, etc.
Usually, these masters took his disciples of his fellow villagers, most notably in Finns and Swedes, but often acted in teaching Russian to foreign masters. Already in the first half of XVIII century. began to make the difference between gold and silversmith, and then came the new group, called jewelers, engravers and fancy masters. Last fabricate small items.
Jewelers are not all considered to belong to the shop, and some, eg. Famous Poze (Pauzier) and Bernardi, preferred to occupy the position more freely and be more merchants, traders, artisans than webmasters.
Engravers belonged to the shop from the very beginning of its existence, but it came out in 1842 and established a special department.
Many of the artists do not keep strictly to one or other industry trades and were both gold and silversmith, and jewelers. The following lists of masters, we provide their specialty, everywhere where we could set it up.
There were masters, who elected a single definition of special and dress only one kind of thing; such example. Wizard Panash, Kemmerer, and Kabel, of which only the first, the other two for the most part engaged vydelyvaniem insignia.
You may also want to mention the fact that one group of masters of Russian plant, which is still quite have not yet investigated, dealt
vydelyvaniem exclusively of church plate: salaries for icons, crosses, lamps and etc.
Following the establishment of workshops foreign masters, and Russian gold and silversmith merged into one department.
Unfortunately, almost all cases and acts masters lists, etc., this shop destroyed later and several hundred thousand cases have been sold - especially in 1864 and 1871. - As waste paper by weight. The archives of the St. Petersburg Crafts council, in addition affected twice by fire, there were only cases from 1805, and the restoration history of the Russian St. Petersburg plant and Russian masters is a mosaic work - collecting everywhere, scattered and incoherent and scarce news. From 1805, 1807 and 1809 years. There are books "issued by the masters tickets" with thousands of names of masters of all the departments together, however, no one in behalf of the master does not indicate to which particular band he belonged, so that this material is totally unsuitable.
From 1804, 1811 and others years. there are so-called "inspector's", in which each artist gave information about his family.
This information is very scarce, and also did not contain as to when he was admitted to the shop where I came from, etc. In addition, and in these books are not masters of the shops are located, and all together, so look for gold and silver masters in this mass of names, including butchers, tailors, shoemakers, blacksmiths, bassonschikov, etc. - is very difficult.
Among the first Russian craftsmen in St. Petersburg, which has so far been found, include:
Pazulov, court jeweler. 1721, 1723.
Samson Larionov. 1723, 1724.
Sukhotin. 1721, 1723.
Fedor Razumov. 1730, 1738.
Mikhail Belsky. 1736.
Ivan Liebman. 1741, 1762.
Tikhon Zolotarev. 1743, 1750.
Ivan Schrader. 1745.
Ivan Zolotarev. 1747, 1753.
Ivan Volny. 1753.
Ivan Evstifeev. 1762.
Crutches. 1764, 1767.
Nikita Ivanov. 1768.
Chistyakov. 1768.
Since the beginning of XIX century, began to exercise greater oversight to a department of foreign masters were made only truly foreign, and often the master of the foreigners who took Russian citizenship, emerged from a foreign plant to switch to a Russian.
In 1793 the "Workshop Russian goldsmiths and silversmiths' consisted of 44 artists, 16 apprentices and 14 apprentices, and shop foreigners - from 59 goldsmiths, 51 goldsmith
27 fancy masters and 2 engravers - all of the 139 artists, jewelers, but not including, inscribed by merchants.
Before we proceed to list all known for a hundred years (1714-1814), St. Petersburg artists, we must say a few words about their brand.
Even before the foundation of the new capital, working in Moscow, the master noted stamps of their work and, of course, that this custom was moved to St. Petersburg, immediately after the establishment of its shops.
These stamps are called "Nominalia" because they consisted of the initials and last name of the wizard. Usually the letters (2 or 3) placed in elongated rectangle, but there are frameworks and other forms.
In Moscow, where the stamp is usually placed in the three letters (first name, middle name and surname), stigma very often took the form of heart or shamrock.
By the end of XVIII century, in order to avoid confusion often repeated the same initials, belonging to different masters, came into use Nominalia full name in a rectangle or en creux.
Often the master, after several years, changed the shape of stamp, so that we know sometimes 2-3 different stamps denoting one and the same master.
Knowing the names of masters and the time of their life and work, in theory, more or less easy to determine who is executed objects which survived a stamp. However, in practice
is often one factor complicating the resolution of this problem is that the stigma of "assay master" - also "Imennik" and often have exactly the same form as the stigma-Imennik gold and silversmiths.
If the stamps assay master is more than initials and year, then it is easy to distinguish a brand, because the year is never found on the stamps of gold and silversmiths, but if it consists only of two letters, the only condition is to define it - knowledge of all names and surnames of those and other masters. We give for this reason, above all, the names and initials of the St. Petersburg assay master, whom we have established, indicating those years, which, according to our investigations, are their activities:
F. M
B.
G. S.
Sh
VN
JF
EB
NM
AZ
AY
II=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Fedor = Miliukov from 1728
Bukayev, before 1736
1736, 1737.
Shamshiyev, 1737.
1742.
Ivan Frolov, 1743-1776.
Eugraph Borovschikov, 1772-1783.
Nicephorus Moschalkin, 1778-1800.
1795-1799.
Alexander I. Yashin (Yashinkov, Yashenkov), 1795-1826.
Ivan Ivanov Afanasyevich, 1805.
From real craftsmen, of course, only a certain number has the right to everyone's attention, such, for example., Goldsmiths and jewelers: Pauzier, Bernardi, Ador, Gass, Bouddé, Dus, Bock, Keibel, Godefroy, Hasselgren, etc . or silversmiths: Köpping, Blohm, Okkerblom, Bredenberg, Dohm, Deichmann, Liebmann, Lundt, Bergstroem, Buntzel, Buch, Hagstadt, Hedlund, Kolb, Palm, Tenner, Unger, etc.
A same number listed in the alphabet of artists is less interest, since many of them are just a short time worked in St. Petersburg, or focused solely on a simple craft work, as, for instance., Vydelyvaniem spoons and forks, plates, smooth and generally cheaper market things.
Clarify the role of each of them, meaning that he had for art, the autonomy of its taste, drawing, etc. - this is something for the future, and we here only give the beginning of follow-up studies. The place, unfortunately, we do not allow to add more information about masters and what we know about the subjects of their work, come down to us, and give descriptions of different things, some of the documents or stamps as a work of either artist.
Hallmarks yet been established for very few artists, as it seems, never kept lists with descriptions of them or copper plates with impressions approved Assay tent.
Baron AE Felkerzam
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