flat engraving - figure and background are on the same level;

is convex engraving - paint covers the surface of the picture - picture above
background level;

in-depth engraving - dye fills the grooves picture below
background.

Depending on the material from which to create a printed form differentiated
different types of engraving:

Lithography - the printed form is the surface of the stone (limestone).
The stone is very smooth polished and degreased. The image on
lithographic stone is put special fatty lithographic ink
or pencil. The stone is moistened with water, then rolled paint
adhering only to the previous drawing figure. Lithography was invented in 1798
year. In the 19 century is spreading to the easel and socio -
critical magazine chart. (French artist Honore Daumier:
"Lower the curtain, a farce played" 1834. "Transnonen Street, April 15, 1834
Year 1834. from 1837 to 1851. - Approximately 30 lithographic series --
"Robert Maner", "Paris types," "respectable bourgeois", "Activists
justice. ")

Algrafiya - lithography, lithography technique is similar, but
stone is used instead of aluminum plate.


Woodcut - woodcut, carved out a special tool. Paint
rolled on the plane of the original board. When printing on white paper
plots are carved with a chisel. Stamps are contour
drawing thick black lines. Woodcut appeared in the Middle Ages
makes it possible for the necessity of printing. (Germanic Painters Albrecht
Durer: Four Horsemen "1498g. and Hans Holbein the Younger Series of Prints
"Images of Death" 1524-1525g.g. )

Linocut - engraving on linoleum. As technology is very similar to woodcuts.
Linoleum - inexpensive, available material. Linocut easier to
performance compared with the woodcuts because of synthetic
used material (homogeneity, ovtsutstvie interfering cutter
synthetic fibers).

Metal engraving done on zinc, copper, iron, steel. Engraving on
metal is divided into print with etching and beztravleniya. There are a
number of techniques of this type of engraving - dry needle technique (closest
to the author's schedule, because they do not have much circulation), mezzotint
"(Black print), etching, aquatint, soft ground (or stalling lacquer).

Etching - from the French eau-forte - nitric acid. Figure
engraving scratched with a needle in a layer of acid-hard varnish,
covering the metal plate. Prtsarapannye place pickled
acid, and the resulting depth image is filled with paint and
stamped on the paper. (French artist Jacques Callot: A series of "Big
scourge of war "1633g., a series of" lower "1622g.)

Drypoint - pattern is applied directly to metal, by
scratching the edge of the solid needle touches on the surface of metal
board.

Mezzotint - from the Italian mezzo - medium and tinto - painted. Kind
depth engraving, in which the surface of the metal plaque granilnikom
roughened, giving printing solid black background. Land
boards, the appropriate light duty drawing scrape,
smooths, polished.

Aquatint - from the Italian aquatinta - a method of engraving, based on
disinfection with acid surface of the metal plate with the weld
asphalt or rosin dust and deposited with the image
brush kislotoottalkivayuschim varnish. Has a lot of shades of
black to white.

Each of the above methods of engraving is different in
Depending on the material and the instruments used. For example,
woodcarving more rigid, harsh, compared with an engraving on metal. By
style woodcut prone to exaggeration, generalization, tends to be bright,
expressive way. Tree - a headstrong, heterogeneous material
dictating its own conditions. Metal same - more organized, malleable.
Woodcut virtually inaccessible, delicate-flying line, dense
network of cross bars, which in the engraving on metal creates a gradual
transition from light to dark spots. Woodcut more akin to
a satirical works, it is more folk. (For example, splints, --
popular images relating to, as a rule, to the decorative graphics,
are simple and accessible manner, otklikayutchsya political
events, also depict scenes of everyday life. Media of lubok - usually
woodcut, lithography, or sometimes copper engraving, after a colorable
printing by hand.) Engraving on the same metal made, for example, in the technique
etching typically includes a rigorous system of parallel and
cross-strokes, the respective form of the depicted object. Etching
most accessible creation of volume, space and light.

  Lithography is, in comparison with other types of printed graphics, is quite
apart. As the most misuse, flexible and obedient tool
expression of artistic ideas. And the material in this case does not dictate
any of its terms. The artist can paint on the stone than on paper, and
depicted them with accuracy imprinted on the sheet.