Funny

[Кирилл Сызранский]

Ekho Moskvy.
Transmission: How it really was.
Simeon Bekbulatovich
sunday, 20.09.2009

Moderator:

King of Moscow and All Russia Patriarch John IV of today abdicated in favor of the baptized Tatar Simeon Bekbulatovich. Now it is he will be head of state. The decision of John IV has caused much dispute in political circles. Many boyars suspect that in reality it is ruled it was John, and not planted by them on the throne, Simeon Bekbulatovich. Nevertheless, himself a former king made it clear that its decision not to look for any hidden meanings.

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John:

From birth I tirelessly worked to the benefit of our country. I worked like a peasant in the field and very tired. It is hard work. Besides, I have long felt that it was time to resign. And do not look at this, my step, some shadow combinations. Do not mean nothing. I will not abandon his people and stay in power. I will help my young receiver to get used to the new position. I assure you, I handed over the country in good hands. For many years I know the new tsar of all Russia. This solid, strong man who by force to solve all the problems that will confront him. He and one blood.

Moderator:

Sam Simeon Bekbulatovich convinced that deal with the management of the country. However, the new king did not forget to thank his predecessor. He appreciates his service and believed that the reign of John, was the best period in the history of Russia.

Bekbulatovich:

For me it is an honor and I must confess that I was a little worried. This appointment made me realize what other goals are in front of me. And I must say, I see many of these goals. First and foremost, it is the prosperity of my country, for the benefit of which I am ready to work. We have achieved a lot lately. We have checked the famine years of Iga, and passed the prince lawlessness. Russia became a unified, powerful state, continue to expand its borders. But all these achievements would not have been possible without our leader John Vasilyevich. His strength, courage, intellect and clean hands help us to rise from his knees. And so I ask him to help me in the difficult matter of control of our country. But at the same time, please do not forget - I'm an independent politician and all major decisions will take himself.
Moderator:

But political opponents of John IV negative assessments of his conduct. Kurbski Prince Andrew, who had fled a decade ago in Poland, condemned the king and his receiver. In addition, he is convinced that the real power will remain in the hands of John Vasilyevich.

Kurbski:

This slapstick comedy. Still perfectly aware that this Bekbulatovich - just a puppet. To administer affairs of the country will continue to be John V.. In his hands, and will control the musketeers, and other power structures. I am sure under the guise Bekbulatovich, it will continue to terrorize the people and the nightmare of small and middle nobility. John - the living embodiment of everything alien to human nature. He was an oppressor of the Russian people and the whole Volga region. Nechrist, worm, and not man. Defamation of mankind. And the thing is it - the damned thing. And this Bekbulatovich just a toy in his hands, which he eventually breaks and throws.

Moderator:

But the reaction of Western politicians to address John Vasilyevich was very ambiguous. They wonder about the actions of the Tsar of all Russia. England's Queen Elizabeth I still can not understand why John V. started leapfrog in power.

Elizabeth:

Can you tell me who this Mr. Bekbulatovich? Where did it all took, and how, in the living king, managed to be on the Muscovite throne? This decision, in my opinion, the apparent arbitrariness and tyranny. It seems to me that there are two options. Either this is thinly veiled conflict of political forces within the country. Either this is a stupid, meaningless game on the nerves of his people. But who would not have been the king of Muscovy, we still offer his friendship. The modern world is such that all countries must cooperate with each other in the face of common challenges, such as mass robbery, piracy and the epidemic of dangerous diseases. In general, the change of power in Muscovy should not interfere with the dialogue between our countries.

Moderator:

But the society of Russia and his attitude to the ruling tandem has not decided. Someone believes in the outstanding ability Simeon Bekbulatovich, and someone is pining for John Vasiliyevych and asks him to return to the throne. Thus, Sagittarius Makarios not sure that the political changes the country will benefit.

Makarios:

I had high hopes that John V. not leave us ever. It has revived our country back to us self-confidence and help overcome the most difficult moments and dark times. Russia regained its former military power. Look at how many brilliant military victories have been won in recent times. And then he goes and leaves us. But homeland is still in danger. Without John Vasilyevich we fail.

Moderator:

But Simpleton Thomas is convinced that John V. was elected to save Russia, and that his departure the country expect gloomy times.

Thomas:

It hurts me to hurt when the king of Russian turns back to his people. Should we be angered him with his lack of faith in him and his sivoyu stupidity. I saw in him such an incredible spirituality and such inner strength. This power protects us, but now that we are angered that the bearer of us are waiting for darkness and misery.

Moderator:

At the same time burgher grandmother Feklusha hoped that Simeon Bekbulatovich cope with running the country.

Feklusha:

Our new King is young, handsome and bold. Him on the shoulder any difficulties. Under the wise leadership of John Vasilyevich, guarded by the people and God, he will vanquish all enemies and dispel the clouds have gathered over our heads. And we will help him if he would call us. Because it is our duty to obey our kings. So it was, so there is and always will be.

Moderator:

Remind Simeon Bekbulatovich descendant of the Khans of the Golden Horde. Initially, he was an enemy of John Vasilyevich, but then switched to his side. Then Bekbulatovich participated in several military operations, including in several battles of the Livonian War.

http://www.echo.msk.ru/programs/truth/621235-echo/

[gans]

I wonder about Ivan the Terrible wrote Metropolitan John.

dumb YES will be interpreted LSTIVYYA speaketh on the righteous Lawlessness ... HISTORIOGRAPHY AGE: LIES AND TRUTH

And the light shineth in darkness and the darkness comprehended it not "(Jn 1:5). This is the Gospel saying, perhaps, most accurately conveys the essence of centuries-old dispute, which revolves around the events of the reign of Ivan the Terrible. With" light "hand Karamzin was considered a sign of good breeding plentifully smeared this era of black paint. Even the most conservative historians monarchists considered it their duty to pay tribute Russophobic rhetoric, referring to the "savagery", fierceness, "" ignorance, "" terror "as a self-evident features of the era. And all same truth was torn out. Light impartiality from time to time flashed on the pages of research in the darkness of prejudice, destroying long-established anti-Russian and antipravoslavnye stereotypes.

"Our literature about Ivan the Terrible is sometimes surprising curiosities. Solid historians differ in other cases of extreme caution on this point make decisive conclusions, not only coping with the facts of his own well-known, well ... even directly contrary to them: smart rich knowledge and experience they enter into open conflict with the most basic evidence of common sense, people are accustomed to deal with historical documents, see the monuments of what there day with the fire can not be found, and deny what is clearly spelled out in black letters on white field .

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This opinion belongs to Nikolai Konstantinovich Mikhailovsky - Russian sociologist, essayist and literary criticism of the second half of last century. He was one of the editors of Notes of the Fatherland ", then" Russian wealth. On conviction - a populist, close at the end of 70-ies to the terrorist "People's Will", Michael had no reason to sympathize with the Russian autocracy, and yet ...

Truly - inscrutable ways of the Lord! Once, responding to accusations of the Jews, angry that the people praise Him, the Lord answered: "If these umolchat stone cry" (Lk.19: 40). "These" - pre-revolutionary Russian historians, the Orthodox, only "on the passport, forgotten truths of faith, lost church attitude, renounced complicity in the service of the Russian people - silence. And then, by God, "cried the stones.

One such "glaring stone - petrified in the myths of Marxist historians, unwittingly testified to the insolvency of God-fighting" scientific "concepts - has many years after Michael's Soviet Academician Stepan B. Igor, described the results of studying the era of Ivan the Terrible as follows:" In poslekaramzinskoy historiography Disintegration , ambitious quest for the spectacular broad generalizations, underestimating or simply disregard for the factual side of history ... These whimsical patterns "netovymi flowers on the empty field of" historical fantasy discredit the story as a science and to subject it to the degree of irresponsible fictional exercise. As a result, historians have to, Before we go further, much time and effort only to have removed from the field studies rubbish speculation and errors, and then to take over the construction of a new building. "

Decisive influence on the formation rusonenavistnicheskih belief "historical science" provided evidence of aliens. From Karamzin, Russian historians have reproduced in his works all that filth and dirt, which was poured over Russia foreign "guests", without making the slightest attempt to objectively and impartially to sort out where conscientious witnesses turned into a deliberate and conscious falsehood of religious, political or personal reasons.
Ironically, one of the plaintiffs abroad lie was another "glaring stone" - a historical materialist, an orthodox Marxist-Leninist Daniel Natanovich Al'shits. Here is what he wrote: "The number of objective sources - acts and other documentary material - has long been extremely scarce. As a result of biased sources that are generated by a fierce political struggle of the second half of the XVI century, notes foreigners - the authors of political pamphlets depicting the Muscovite state in the darkest colors sometimes clearly defamatory, exerted on the historiography of this era of great influence ... historians of past generations had to be content with a very confused and scarce information. It largely determines the possibility and sometimes created a need to connect disparate facts, the sources said, largely speculative bonds build individual facts in the causal series entirely hypothetical. In these conditions and emerging approach to the problems under study, which can be summed up as the primacy of the concept of fact.

Indeed, the God-fighting "the concept of" scientific outlook, excluding the objects of his consideration of providential care of God for Russia, the course of comprehension of the Russian people of their moral and religious duty, of responsibility for the results of their free choice between good and evil - has long been clearly prevailed over the actual party to Russian history, suggesting that her deep religious sense. You may also want to say a few words about those whose testimony became the basis of these "concepts".

One of the most famous foreigners who wrote about Russia at the time of John IV, - Antonio Possevino. He is one of the authors of the myth of "synoubiystve", ie the murder of the king of his eldest son. The origin and definition of the objectives of this speculation, we'll come back, but for now let us say a few words about its author.
Monk Jesuit Antonio Possevino arrived in Moscow in 1581 to serve as mediator in negotiations with the Russian Tsar Stefan Batory, King of Poland, invaded during the Livonian War in the Russian border, who took Polotsk, Luke, and the Great Siege of Pskov. As legate of Pope Gregory XIII, Possevino hoped with the help of the Jesuits to win concessions from John IV, taking advantage of difficult foreign policy situation of Russia. His aim was not reconciliation among the warring, and the subordination of the Russian Church to the Holy See. The Pope is hoping that Possevino will have good luck, since Ivan the Terrible himself asked the pope to participate in reconciliation and promised to Rome and friendship sulilsya take part in the crusade against the Turks.

"But the expectations of the pope and the efforts of Possevino failed, - writes M. V. Tolstoy. - John has all the natural flexibility of his mind, skill and prudence, who was himself a Jesuit was to do justice to the .., rejected harassment for permission to build in Russia Latin Church, rejected the arguments about faith and joining the churches under the rules of the Florence Cathedral and not carried away by the dreamy promise to purchase ... the whole empire Byzantium, which was lost by the Greeks as if for departure from Rome. "

The famous historian of the Russian Church, Tolstoy might have added that the intrigues of Rome to Russia have a long history that the failure of the mission made Possevino personal enemy, the king, that the word "Jesuit" because of the unscrupulous and unprincipled members of the order soon became a generic name that he legate arrived in Moscow a few months after the death of Prince and under no circumstances could not have witnessed the incident ... Many things can be added on this occasion. Significantly, for example, a real mess in the "evidence" about synoubiystve.
Possevino said that the king was angry at his daughter, the wife of Prince, and during the outbreak of a quarrel killed him. Absurdity versions (since inception) was so obvious that it needed to "humanise" the story, to find a more "credible" reason and motive to kill. So have a different tale - that the prince led the political opposition to the rate of the father in the negotiations with the Batory conclusion of peace and was killed by the king on suspicion of involvement in the boyar conspiracy. Needless to say that both versions are completely unfounded and unsubstantiated. Their authenticity can not find a hint in the entire mass of the extant documents and instruments related to that time.

But the assumption that the natural death of Tsarevich Ivan are without documentary foundation. In 1570 a painful and pious prince, reverently fear of the hardships before him the king's service, granted to the St. Cyril-Belozersky Monastery huge at the time the contribution - a thousand rubles. Preferring worldly glory of monastic life, he accompanied the contribution condition that "foreign pohochet haircut, Prince, Prince Ivan tonsured for the contribution, and if, for sins, the prince will not, then pominati" (1)

Indirect evidence of Ivan's death from the disease and the fact that in the "finalized" version of synoubiystve his death was followed immediately after "fatal blow", and four days later, in the Alexander settlement. These four days - most likely, while his deathbed prince.

In the last years of his life further and further away from mnogomyatezhnogo seething worldly things. This "unworldliness" heir to the throne did not prevent him from carrying out state affairs, is perceived as "God's draft." But his soul has sought to Heaven. Documentary evidence confirms the strength and sincerity of this desire. In the collections of the library of the Society of History and Antiquities posted: office of Saint Anthony of Siya, written prince in 1578, "The Life and exploits of Abba Anthony miracle worker ... rewritten byst sinful Ivan" and a word of praise to the same saint, has withdrawn from the pen of Prince year until his death in 1580. Orthodox people understand what it says.

The height of the spiritual life of Ivan was so obvious that after the church synod asked him to write a canon of Saint Anthony, whom the prince knew personally. "After the canon - writes Ivan in the afterword to his work - I wrote and the Life; Archbishop Alexander persuaded to write and a word of praise" (2). In light of these facts, dishonesty version of "synoubiystve" and the cruelty of Prince ( "the old block") seems indisputable. With regard to allegations of brutality Ivan himself king, to them we shall return later ...

Next "witness" and the contemporary era, the writings of which worth mentioning is the Heinrich Staden, Westphalian adventurer, covered with the fate of Moscow times of John IV. "The inimitable cynicism" notes Stade attracted the attention of even the Soviet historians.

"The common sense of the events and motives of the king of Staden is not interested, - notes, Academician Igor, da, and on his own ignorance, he was not able to understand them ... In the lowlands of their nature Staden measures the all of your yard." In short - stupid and vulgar foreigner. Well, if so. However, subsequent events suggest that he found himself in Russia is no accident. "Destiny", zanesshaya Stade in Moscow, then quite deliberately brought him back from whence he came.

In 1576, after returning from Russia, Staden stayed in Alsatian estate Lyutselshteyn in the Vosges Mountains, owned Palatine Georg Hans. There, in the year he made his notes on Russia, which consisted of four parts: "Descriptions of the country and control the Muscovites; Project conquest of Russia, Autobiography and addresses to the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire."

Notes were intended to help the Emperor Rudolf, who suggested Staden: "Your Roman kesarskoe Majesty should appoint one of the brothers of your Majesty as a sovereign, who would take this country and would operate it." "Monasteries and churches should be closed - further advised by the Project." - Towns and villages have become the prey of military people "(3).

In general, nothing new. Call "Drang nach Osten" traditionally warmed the hearts of Germanic and crowned heads of Catholic prelates. Strangely, only that "artistic heritage" of people such as Heinrich Staden, can seriously be seen as evidence of the manners and life of Russian people and its king.

Russian state in those years led war of attrition for the return of the Slavic lands in the Baltics, and it was most appropriate to persuade the monarchs of Europe to join the anti-Moscow coalition. Staden, probably had the job on the spot to deal with internal political situation in Moscow and to identify real opportunities and prospects for anti-Russian political union. He was boastful, vain, greedy and stupid. "Incoherent story barely literate adventurer" - such is the conclusion Veselovskogo on "Products" Stade.

Needless to say, his notes are teeming with "evidence" of "killing and murder," "plunder the Grand Duke", "oprichnina istyazatelstvah" and similar absurdities, and Staden, and did not hesitate to declare himself the guardsmen, and almost the right hand of King John. It is hardly necessary to dwell on his notes. And he did not deserve to even mention if it was not a typical representative of the environment, habits and attitudes which have become sources of a sustainable Russophobian legend about Ivan the Terrible.

Bad faith foreign "witnesses" can talk a long time. Mention may be made by Jerome Gorseya Englishman who claimed that in 1570 during proceedings in Novgorod of a suspicion of treason of the upper city of the king (and with measures to eradicate the newly emerged "heresy of the Judaizers"), John IV exterminated from oprichniki 700 000 people. Can ... But fairness requires noting that among the foreigners were very decent people, not sink to such a tabloid lies.

Much sadder is that Russian historians have interpreted the legends and myths about the reign of Ivan the Terrible so uncritically, and in the actual side of the question did not show due care. What is one of Karamzin's statement that during the burning of Moscow, set on fire by soldiers Devlet Giray during his raid in 1571, an incredible number of people have died ... near osmisot thousands ", but more than a hundred thousand prisoners Khan led off with a . These allegations do not stand up to criticism - in all Moscow could not find even half of "burnt", and the number of captives Devlet Giray is associated with the operation of Stalingrad World War II.

Equally questionable messages appear on the "seven wives, the king and his unbridled lust, acquired according to the most incredible fantasy Prosecutors detail.

The desire to show the most dismal era in the light of even overcame the arguments of common sense, not to mention the complete oblivion of the Church and the Orthodox point of view, and which only can be understood in Russian history, at least something. It should stand on it, it eliminates the need for artificial and false conclusions constructions. Do not have followed Karamzin guess - that suddenly made the young king's virtuous to become a "tyrant." Modern historians ignore this issue party, because the absurdity of dividing the royal biographies of two opposing moral content of period - the virtuous (up to 30 years) and "bloodthirsty" - obvious, but to offer something else can not.
Yet it is so simple. There was no "period", as there was no "tyrant on the trail." It was the first Russian czar - to build, as well as his many ancestors, Russia - House of the Blessed Virgin, and who saw himself in this house is not the master, but the first servant.
Lo, God helps the MI ...

HISTORY REIGN AS IS

Figure of Ivan IV Vasilyevich the Terrible (1530-1584) and the era of his reign as the culmination of a period of formation of Russian religious consciousness. It was by this time completely formed and crystallized the views of the Russian people for itself, its role in history, the purpose and meaning of existence, the state forms of national life.

The reign of John IV proceeded rapidly. With all its expressive potential for exposed feature of Russian history, consists in the fact that its progress is not based on a "balance of interests of different social classes, classes, groups, and understanding of the general affairs of the popular worship of God, a religious duty.
Began the reign of the Troubles. Future "menacing king" came to the throne as three years old. Real mistress of Russia was his mother - Helen, "stranger Lithuanian, hateful kind", according to Karamzin. Her short (four years) reign was marked by brutality and depravity not so much personal, how many deriving from the manners and intrigue of the boyars neighbor - former princes and their approximate:

According to the old habit of each unit of them "pulled over", putting personal interests above the power and benefits at state and public needs. Numerically, this unprincipled layer was negligible, but after the death of Helena, having lost the last delay the onset, its representatives waged among themselves in the struggle for power pogrom, completely disorganizing the administration of the country. Divided into the party of princes Shuiskis and Belsky, nobles, according Kliuchevskoi, led the violent feud with each other because of personal family accounts, and not for any political order.

In 1547 Moscow was burnt. The fire and the ensuing popular revolt shook the young John. In disasters of Russia, he saw the beck of the right hand of God punishing the country and people for their king, the sins and faults. The fire almost coincided with the wedding of John the king.
Church Sacrament of Confirmation the young monarch has opened up deep mystical connection with the king and the people associated with the magnitude of his religious responsibility. John understood himself "abbot of all Russia. And this awareness since guided all his personal actions and public undertakings until his death.

To understand the impression made on the king by anointing him king, we must say a few words about the origin and meaning of the rank of the coronation (4).

Chin coronation Orthodox monarchs known since ancient times. The first literary reference to it came to us from the IV century, since the Emperor Theodosius the Great. Divine origin of royal power did not cause any doubts then. This conception of power was reinforced by the Byzantine emperors and the opinion of the divine origin of the characters themselves of the royal dignity. Porfirogenit Constantine VII (913-959) wrote to teach his son: "If ever the Khazars and the Turks, or Russia, or any other of the northern and Scythian peoples will require a sign of slavery and the subordination of sending him to the king's insigny: crowns or robes they should know that these clothes and crowns are not human beings are made and not invented by human art and have been made, but in the secret books of ancient history is written that God is putting Constantine the first Christian king, through his angel sent him these clothes and crowns.
Confession of faith is an indispensable requirement of the rank of the coronation. Emperor first solemnly proclaim it in the church, and then written, with the handwritten signature, passed the patriarch. It contained the Orthodox Nicene-Constantinople Creed, and promise to keep the apostolic tradition and the establishment of church councils.

God has been pleased to arrange things so that the successors of the Byzantine emperors were Russian grand dukes, and later kings. The first royal insignii received Vladimir Sacred "for his courage and piety", according to the Metropolitan of St. Macarius. Happened for a reason - such talent is not from man, but by God's destiny and unspoken pretvoryayusche prevodyasche the glory of the Greek kingdom of Russia's Tsar. Ivan the Terrible himself fully shared this view of the continuity of Russian empire. He wrote of himself: "The Emperor our zovettsa the king because: the father of his grand duke Vladimir Svyatoslavovych as baptized, he and the Russian land baptized, and the king and the Greek patriarch crowned him king, and he wrote the king."

Chin wedding of John IV to the throne is not much different from how married his predecessors. And still reign of Ivan the Terrible was a turning point: in the formation of the Russian people - as a people, God-bearing, the Russian state - as religiously meaningful verozaschitnoy structure, a Russian identity - as a liturgical understanding of debt, the Russian "churching" attitude - as a prayerful sense of providential events. Sobornost people and its statehood merged, embodied in the person of Russian Orthodox Tsar.

The fact that Ivan was the first God's Anointed on the Russian throne. Several editions come down to us a detailed description of the rank of his wedding, leave no doubt: Ivan IV Vasilyevich was the first Russian tsar, at the wedding of which the kingdom of him was committed the Church Sacrament of Confirmation.

Anointing of the kings of the holy world (perfumes special composition) has its foundation in direct God's decree. It's often said the Holy Scripture, telling about the anointing prophets and priests of the Old Testament Kings as a token gift to them special grace of God for the acceptance of control by the people and kingdom. Orthodox Catechism shows that "the anointing is the sacrament in which the believer in the sacred anointing of the body parts of the world in the name of the Holy Spirit, served gifts of the Holy Spirit, who gives in and strengthen the spiritual life."

Above every believer is a sacrament takes place only once - immediately after baptism. Starting from Grozny, the Russian tsar was the only man on earth, over whom the Holy Church had committed a double mystery - testifying to the grace granting him abilities needed for the king's troubled ministry.
Having assumed the burden of responsibility for the people and power, the young king with jealousy began to affairs of state, public and church constitution. Listen Karamzin: "rebellious boyars rule collapsed entirely, giving way to the king's absolute rule, and the whims of alien tyranny. To the solemn act of faith blessed to approve a change in governance and in their hearts, the emperor remained in seclusion for several days for fasting and prayer, called saints, tenderly confessed sins, and allowed, reassured them in their conscience, communion of the Holy Mysteries. The young, passionate heart it would open itself in the face of Russia: he ordered that from all the cities were sent to Moscow, the people elected, any rank or condition, for the important affairs of state. They gathered - and the Lord's day, after Mass, the king left the Kremlin with the clergy, with crosses, with the boyars, with a retinue of military, on Calvary, where people stood in profound silence. serve a public prayer. John appealed to Metropolitan, and said: "The Holy Lord! I know your zeal for the good and love of country: be a champion of me in my good intentions. Sooner God has deprived me of my father and mother, and great men do not Radel about me: want to be autocratic, my name was abducted in Sana'a and honor, rich in unrighteousness, oppress the people - and no one is repelled by them. In his miserable childhood, I seemed deaf and dumb: did not heed the cry of the poor, and there was no accusation in my mouth! You, you did what they wanted, evil seditious, Judge unjust! What will you answer us now? How many tears how much blood was spilled on you? I am innocent of causing blood! And you wait for the court of heaven! "

Here the emperor bowed on all sides, and continued: "People of God, and bestowed upon us by God!" I pray your faith in Him and love for me: Be gentle! "We can not fix the past evil: I can only continue to save you from such harassment and robbery. Forget what has already and never will be, leave the hatred, enmity; unite all Christian love. From now on I'm your judge and counsel.

In this great day when Russia, through their attorneys present at Calvary, reverently listening to a sincere vow to live for young crowned her happiness, John enthusiastic generosity announced sincere forgiveness guilty boyars; wanted the Metropolitan and bishops as their simple name of the Judge of Heaven , like all Russians are like brothers hugged one another, so that all complaints and lawsuits have stopped the world to his designated term ...".

The king's commandment was drafted and enacted a new Code of Law. With a view to nationwide praise many locally venerated saints, and ordering the life of the Church John called the successive church councils, to which personally compiled a list of issues requiring conciliar decision. In affairs of the king took an active part of his favorites - the priest Sylvester and Alex Adach, who became the head of "Favorites Rada" - the narrow circle of royal advisers, determined the basis of domestic and foreign policy.

In 1552, successfully completed "crusade" crusade against the Kazan Tatars. Been released many thousands of Christian captives, the taking of Kazan, is secure eastern borders. "Hail, pious monarch, - sent a messenger to John Prince Michael Vorotynsk - Kazan, our king it in your hands, people are destroyed, koi in captivity; untold riches collected. What am I supposed?" "Glory of God" - replied John. Then he gained the nickname "Terrible" - that is terrible for the infidels, enemies and haters of Russia. Do not mochno king without a thunderstorm be alone - wrote a modern author. - As a horse without a bridle under the king, tacos, and a kingdom without a storm.
Lucky for the events was interrupted in 1553, serious disease of the young king. But worse than physical ailments are psychological wounds inflicted by those whom he believed in everything, like myself. At the head of the dying John boyars argue among themselves, sharing power, not embarrassed by the fact that the legitimate king is still alive. Inward king - Sylvester and Adach - whether out of fear, or envy, refuse to swear allegiance to the rightful heir, the young Tsarevich Dmitry. As a candidate for the throne is a cousin of the king - Prince Vladimir Andreevich.

Russia is on the verge of a new sectarian bloodshed. "What excitement there was the soul of John, when he was at death's door saw disobedience, obstinacy in the hitherto silent subjects, in zealous pets when he was autocratic emperor and crowned with glory, had humbly beseech those who still remained faithful to him that they were guarding his family, even in exile, "- says M. V. Tolstoy. And yet, "John suffered the horror of those minutes, recovered and rose from his deathbed ... full of grace to all the boyars. King of all forgiven! Царь не помнил зла. King considered it a feeling, and unworthy of a Christian monarch.

Recovery John seemed to be restored to power throughout Russia. In 1556, Russian troops took Astrakhan, ultimately destroying the hopes of the Tatars to restore their state and military power in the East. The eyes of the king appealed to the West. Bring peace to the eastern border, he decided to return to the West, the ancient Slavic lands, depriving the Vatican a springboard for military and psychological warfare against Russia. But here it awaited a new disappointment. Treason close during the illness, as it turned out, was not at all unfortunate accident, a fall, redeemed sincere repentance and change of life.

"Selected The council opposed the plans of the king. Contrary to conventional wisdom, she insisted on continuing the war against the Tatars - this time in the Crimea, not wanting to understand that the very geographical position made him the Crimea at that time an impregnable fortress for the Russian regiments. Sylvester and Adach hoped to have his own, but the king at this time to show character. He broke with the "Favorites Rada, sending Adasheva in the army, and Sylvester - in Cyril-Belozersky Monastery, and started a war in the West, which later received the name of Livonia. Here's how Karamzin paints a portrait of John of the time:

"And the Russians today, and strangers who were then in Moscow, portray this young, thirty crowned kings as an example of pious, wise, zealous to glory and happiness of the state. It expresses itself first:" John is a custom to observe yourself pure before God. And in the temple, and in solitary prayer, and in the boyar council, and among the people he had one feeling: "Yes conquer, as God said to dominate their true anointed!" Court unfeigned, the security of each and the total, the integrity of the mandated states, the triumph of faith, freedom of Christians is the usual think of it.
Burdened by works, he knows no other comfort than a peaceful conscience, except the pleasure to perform its duty, did not want the ordinary coolness king ... Gentle to the nobles and the people - loving, rewarding for the dignity of all - generosity of eradicating poverty and evil - an example of good, this God-born king wished the Day of Judgment hear the voice of mercy: "Thou art the king the truth!" And replied with emotion: "Behold al ordeal and people gave mi didst thou!"

No less praise him, and monitors the countries, the British, who came to Russia for trade. "John - they write - was overshadowed by his ancestors, and power, and virtue, has many enemies and humbles them. Lithuania, Poland, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Livonia, Crimea, the leg are horrified by the Russian name. With regard to the subjects he is remarkably forgiving, courteous ; likes to talk to them, often giving them lunch in the palace, and, despite the fact can be imperious; Boyar says: "Go!" - and lord flees; would express annoyance magnate - and a prince in despair hides, yearns for privacy.
In short, no nation in Europe, more Russians loyal to his sovereign, whom they still and dread, and love. Continually ready to listen to complaints and to assist John in every part, will decide everything, not bored affairs and not having fun any animal trapping, no music, doing the only two thoughts: how to serve God and how to destroy the enemies of Russia! "

Frankly, it is difficult to understand how, after such descriptions of the same Karamzin could depict further the reign of John in the form of bloody madness, and the king himself to paint this fiend.

The expulsion of the leaders of the boyar party intrigues continued. In 1560, under mysterious circumstances, the wife of John died - a gentle and nischelyubivaya Anastasia. There were serious concerns that the queen had been poisoned, fearing its influence on the king, attributing this adverse effect (for the former king's favorites) developments. In addition, the death of the queen was intended to end the poisoning and high position at the court of her brothers, whom I saw as dangerous rivals in the struggle for power.

Produced based inquiry found that the conspiracy are drawn to the exiled nobles - Adashevu and Sylvester. Once again, John, despite the obvious, spared the life of the conspirators. Sylvester was banished to the Solovki and Alex Adach taken into custody at Dorpat, where he soon died a natural death from a fever, leaving future historians possible once pozloslovit on "terror" and "cruel king."

Later, as John describes these events: "In order to save my soul I am closer to my priest Sylvester, hoping that he at his rank and reason will pospeshnikom me in the good, but this sly hypocrite, deceived me, honeyed, thinking only of worldly power and made friends with Adashevym to manage a kingdom without a king, they despised. They again have raised the spirit of insubordination to the boyars, handed out like-minded city and county; planted, who wanted the Duma, took all the places his saints ... (King) prohibit travel to the holy monasteries ; do not permit to punish the Germans ... By hereby joins the iniquities of betrayal: when I suffered a serious illness, they are forgetting their loyalty and the oath in an ecstasy of tyranny like, in addition to my son and take him a king, and not altered, not amended our generosity , in the cruelty of their hearts than they paid us for it to Abraham? nouvelles insults: hated, reviled queen Anastasia, and all dobrohotstvovali Prince Vladimir. And so is it any wonder that I decided to finally have a baby in years, and the courage to overthrow the yoke imposed on the kingdom sly priest and ungrateful servant, Alex? "(5).

True to habit, to decide the case on the possibility of peace, the king confined reference Sylvester and Adasheva without touching more than any of their followers. Hoping to awaken the conscience, he only demanded that "all the boyars and noble people," an oath to be loyal to the emperor and do not invent treasons. All swear. And what happened? Prince Dmitry Vishnevitsky, the governor of southern Russia, threw warriors and defected to Sigismund, the enemy of John. Not uzhivshis with the Lithuanians, gone over to Moldova, broke it out of habit in the intrigue surrounding the Ruler Stefan Moldovan, was captured and sent to Istanbul, where the sultan had him executed as a troublemaker and rebel. Thus repaid Prince of confidence in their king. But if he is one!
In 1564 the trusted friend of John, Prince Andrew Kurbski, the governor of the king in Dorpat, secretly, at night, leaving his wife and nine-year son, went to the Lithuanians. Not only that, he changed the king - Kurbski betrayed the homeland, becoming the head of Lithuanian troops in the war against their own people. Meanness is always looking for excuses, trying to portray themselves as the victim, and the prince Kurbski not hesitate to write letter to the king, to justify their betrayal, confusion sorrow of heart "and accusing John of" martyrdom.

How truthful accusations Kurbsky, can be seen on the example of the relationship and the king of St. Herman of Kazan. Kurbski says that Herman was elected Metropolitan of conciliar, but between him and John had split over oprichnina. In an interview with the king alone (!) St supposedly "quiet and gentle words of" denounced the king and that two days later ordered him to either strangle, or poison. In fact, in modern developments sources there is no trace of election of Hermann on the metropolitan. Conversely, July 25, 1566 Kazan prelate participated in the put St. Philip Metropolitan. And he died on Nov. 6, 1567, having lived happily in peace and quiet and a half years after their "strangulation" (6).

Slander and approval of the prince turns out that according to the king was crushed with the help of some terrible adaptation Reverend Cornelius Pskov and his disciple Vassian Muromtseva. All of these horrors is no hint in any of the extant written evidence, and in "The Tale of the beginning and basis of Pechersk monastery of Saint Death (what has happened, probably, in the presence of the king) says:" From the Life of this corruptible earthly king prefaced to the Heavenly King in the eternal home. " We must have a luxuriant imagination, that on the basis of these words to draw conclusions about the "execution" of St. John IV.

Moreover, the words Kurbsky implies that Cornelius slain in 1577. The inscription on the tomb is about the death of Reverend indicates the date of February 20, 1570. We know that in this most holy day, Cornelius met the king in Pskov and was admitted to them gently - why they say "story" that the ascetic was "prefaced by" the king of the "eternal home" (7). But Kurbsky actual state of affairs did not matter. It was important to justify themselves and to humiliate John (not counting the "accusatory" letters Kurbski wrote "History of the Grand Prince of Moscow on cases ordeal slyshahom a reliable husbands and videhom ochima our ordeal, where he continued to slander the king).


The king said to the traitor as follows: "In the Name of Almighty God, by whom we live and move, By kings reign, and strong glagolyut, humble Christian response to Russia's former lord, our governor and an adviser to Prince Andrei Mikhailovich Kurbsky ... Why, miserable, ruining the soul betrayal, saving the mortal body in flight? "I have read and understand your message. adders' poison is on the lips of a traitor - his words are like arrows. complain about the harassment you endured, but you would not have left to our foe, if not overly pardoned you, unworthy .. . shameless lie that say about our alleged atrocities, do not ruin the "strong in Israel", their blood will not be stained with blood of Churches of God, strong, virtuous live and serve us. Executions some traitors - and where are they spared? .. I have need of mercy God, the Most Pure Virgin Mary and the saints: human instruction does not require. Praise God: Russia is prospering ... They threatened me by a court of Christ in the next world: but perhaps in this world there is no power of God? That's heresy maniheyekaya You think that only the Lord reigns in heaven, the devil - in hell on earth is ruled by the people: no, no! Everywhere Power of the Lord, and in this, and in the Hereafter! .. Put your letter to the grave with him: symmetry and prove that last spark of Christianity in You extinguished: for a Christian dies with love, forgiveness, and not with malice "(8).
History will judge who is right in this dispute, the king with his former adviser. Proceedings John Vasilyevich concluded the addition of Russia - the addition of such a firm that eight years of disastrous Troubles (1605-1613), the new knights of treason, hiking impostors, intervention, and split the Catholic Church could not destroy it.

"Seduced by Zygmunt" Kurbski According to Karamzin, "gave him his honor and his soul; advised as to destroy Russia ... and tried to convince him to act boldly, not to spare the treasury, to excite against us Khan - and soon to be heard in Moscow that 70 000 Lithuanians, Poles, Germans, Prussians, Hungarians, Volokhs a traitor Kurbski go to Polotsk, that Divlet Giray with 60 000 predators entered the Ryazan region ... "

Hate to continue this state of affairs was impossible. It threatens not the king - jeopardizing the existence of Russia. After long and painful hesitation Ivan the Terrible had the only possible for a Christian solution: make the case to the people in court. King knew perfectly well that compel a man to be "God's draft" force - can not. There may be an external obedience, but to assume the "obedience" as a meaningful religious duty, a person must voluntarily. The Russian people had to decide for himself: if he wants to be a nation-God-bearing, the guardian of truth and the life of Orthodoxy - or waives this service. Whether people agree to bear all the hardships, temptations and temptations that threaten him in this way, the Bible says: "My son, If ye have not worked pristupaeshi Lord God has prepared your soul into temptation; council your heart and patience" (Sir. 2:1-2 )? And the Russian people, the king replied: "Yes!"

In the early winter of 1564 John V. left Moscow, accompanied by his loyal neighbors boyars, nobles, and the clerks of people "choosing from all the towns, with their wives and children. "Third was the early December at the Kremlin area set sleigh, - says Karamzin. - They pulled down from the palace of gold and silver, holy icons, crosses ... The clergy, the nobles were waiting for the Emperor in the Church of the Assumption: he came and told the Metropolitan serve liturgy: prayer with a zeal that has the blessing ... graciously given to kiss his hand, the boyars, officials, merchants: sat in the sleigh with the queen, with two sons ... " - And left Moscow.
Trains on the vicinity of the monastery, on visiting the Trinity, the king of Christmas stopped in the Alexander settlement, 112 miles from Moscow. People waited for John to explain his strange behavior. The king did not wait long.

Jan. 3 new in 1565 in Moscow, a messenger galloped Konstantin Polivanov. He was carrying two royal charters. In one of them, presented just after the Metropolitan Athanasius, Ivan describes all the high treason, rebellion and confusion boyar government, lamented the failure of such conditions to minister the king, and concluded that "not even change a lot of cases suffer, we are of the great compassion of the heart have left the state and go where God will show us the way. " Another read, addressed to Moscow by commoners, merchants, all taxpaying individuals and publicly read from the area, John announced that the Russian people certainly did not keep - the royal disgrace and anger at them not.
The king did not renounce the throne, aware of the responsibility for the people and for the country. He seemed to be asking: "Would an over me, the Russian Orthodox Tsar, the Anointed One of God as a symbol and a sign of his Chosen and his ministry? Ready subclones under the" yoke and burden "of the divine power, render me having denied personal ambition, thirst for enrichment , feuds and settle old scores? " Truly, this was one of the most dramatic moments of Russian history. "Everything stood still - spoke Klyuchevsky - capital immediately interrupted their regular classes: the shop closed, orders were deserted, silent song ..." Strange, at first glance, the behavior of the king was in fact deeply Russian, was drawn to the long established relationship of the people and government (Even a historian as Al'shits, have to say that "the power of the Tsar kept while on the grounds of spiritual rather than material: the tradition of subordination of the subjects of the Grand authorities ... on the support of the Church. "The Russian Tsar could not and did not want to edit by force. He wanted obedience is not" out of fear, "and for" conscience "). When the first stupor of Muscovites passed, the capital literally exploded popular gatherings:

"The Emperor left us, - yelling people. - We perish. Who will be our protector in the wars with heathen? How can sheep without a shepherd?" Clergy, nobles, officials, clerks people, shedding tears, demanded from the Metropolitan, that he may have mercy John, sparing no one and nothing is not terrible. Everyone told him one thing: "Let the king executed his Likhodeev: life and death in his will, but the kingdom it shall not without a head!" He is our lord. God-given: otherwise we do not know. We are all in their heads, you're going to beat my forehead and cry .

So did merchants and tradesmen, adding: "Let the king tell us their traitors: we ourselves will destroy them!" Metropolitan wanted to go immediately to the king, but in general the council placed to archpastor remained to guard the capital, which was in an indescribable confusion.

All cases cut short: the courts, orders, stores, guardroom empty. Elected chief ambassadors of Novgorod St. Pimen and Chudovsky Archimandrite Lev, but went after them and all other bishops: Nikandr Rostov, Suzdal Eleutherus, Filofei Ryazan, Matthew Krutitskii, archimandrites: Trinity, Simonovsky, Spassky, Andronikovsky; for clergy princes, dukes Ivan D. Belsky , Ivan Mstislavskii - all the boyars, Okolnichy, nobles and clerks people directly from the chambers mitropolitovyh, did not come to their own houses, and many guests, merchants, tradesmen, to strike petition the emperor and complain. "

The people made their choice. Consciously and explicitly, he expressed his free consent "render" with the king in God - the Way to Russia as the "House of the Virgin" as the guardian and protector of the saving truths of the Church. King understood it, February 2, triumphantly returned to Moscow and began to settle the country.

His first step in this direction was the establishment of oprichnina. The word "oprichnina" came into use long before Ivan the Terrible. It was called the rest of the estate, sufficient to feed the widows and orphans of the fallen in battle or died in the service of a warrior. Estate of complaints about the Grand Duke for his service, and moved back to the treasury, OPRICH (except for) this small area.
Ivan the Terrible called oprichnina city, land and even the streets in Moscow, which had to be removed from the usual scheme of administration and passed by a personal and absolute control king, providing the material and "henchmen" - building the king's supporters and his colleagues in the creation of such a form of state device which is most consistent with his religious vocation. There is evidence that the composition oprichnina land has changed - some of them eventually returned to the "zemshchina" (ie, to conventional forms of control), from which, in turn, to "oprichnina" joined the new territories and cities. Thus, it is possible that through a sieve oprichnina eventually had to go through the whole of Russia.

Oprichnina was in the hands of the king's weapon, which he sifted the whole of Russian life, all its order and way, separating the good seeds of the Russian Orthodox catholicity and statehood from the chaff heretical philosophising, chuzhebesiya in manners and neglect their religious duties.

Even the appearance of the Alexander suburb, which has become like a heart harsh battle for the soul of Russia, testified to the intensity and completeness of the religious sentiment of its inhabitants. It was all arranged by type of monastic cloister - Chamber of cells, magnificent Phillips Church (one of its brick was imprinted sign Precious and Holy Cross Church). Zealously and faithfully served the king with his oprichniki all the strict statute of the church.

As once heroism, oprichnina ministry was a form of ecclesiastical obedience - the struggle for churching whole of Russian life, without a trace, until the end. Neither the nobility nor the wealth does not require the king of the guardsmen, demanded only loyalty, saying: "Eno for my sin Uchino, that our princes and boyars uchali izmenyati, and we will, stradnikov is coming closer, hotyachi from you and the service of truth."

Agile People's minds have invented and decent character zealous service to the guardsmen, "they went always with canine heads and brooms tied to their saddles - writes Karamzin, - to mark the fact that gnaw Likhodeev king, and swept Russia."

Establishment oprichnina was a turning point of the reign of John IV. Oprichnina regiments played a major role in repelling the attacks Divlet Giray in 1571 and 1572, respectively, two years earlier with the help of the guardsmen were discovered and defused plots in Novgorod and Pskov, aims to deposition from Russia under the rule of Lithuania, and to eat, probably heresy "Judaizers , which has survived all the persecutions.

In 1575, as if to emphasize that he is the king of the "faithful", and the rest of the "Zemsky" still must be made so, going through oprichnina ministry, John IV placed in the head of the interim part of Russia, baptized Tatar - kasimovskogo King Seeds Bekbulatovich. What assumptions are not only expressed by historians, trying to solve this "mysterious" Subjecting! There is not only the motives attributed to the king! Examine all: political perfidy, courtly intrigue, finally, just "a whim of a tyrant ... Not smart enough to only very simple - to the point that Simon Bekbulatovich really drove zemshchina (like, say, did this prince Caesar Romodanovsky in the absence of the Holy Blessed Emperor Peter the Great), while the king "are brought to mind" device oprichnina areas.
It was in this "separation of powers" and a special mystical meaning. Daru Semyon title "Grand Duke of All Russia", and naming a Moscow Prince Ivan Vasiliev, the king denounced the insignificance of earthly titles and regalia of power before the heavenly Chosen for royal service, pictured in the sacrament of Confirmation. He claimed the responsibility of the Russian Tsar before God, denying the importance of human names.

Habituating Russ that she lives under God rather than men, as John would say to all: "As anyone any name - whether the great Duke of all Russia or Ivantsov Vasilyev, and the king, anointed by God, responsible for everything that happens here - I still and no one can change that. "
Since the reign of Tsar Ivan the Terrible was close to completion. The failures of the Livonian War, which had deprived Russia conquered it in the Baltic lands, offset by the accession of vast expanses of Siberia in 1579-1584, respectively. Case life of the king was made - Russia finally and irrevocably on the path of service, refined and updated oprichnina. In Novgorod and Pskov were eliminated relapses zhidovstvovaniya, Chapel undeveloped nation churching debt Chosen - consciously. In 1584 the king slept peacefully, prophetically predicted his own death (one of the paragraphs of the will of John was instructed to release all prisoners of war). In the last hours of life on earth was fulfilled his long-held desire - Metropolitan Dionysius the veil emperor, and no longer Terrible King John, a humble monk Jonah stood before the Almighty Judge, to whose service he devoted his rough and hard life.

UPASESHI I have a rod of iron. . .
IPAM ALL RUSSIA

It is hardly possible to fully understand the course of Russian history, not guessing the personality of Ivan the Terrible Tsar. Historians have long agreed on the fact that he was the most gifted and educated man of his time. "My husband wonderful reasoning in science publishing worship satisfied and talkative" - Terrible describes one of his contemporaries. "Despite all the speculative explanations, the character of John ... is a mystery for the mind", - complains Karamzin, ready "to doubt the truth of the most reliable news about him ... Klyuchevskii wrote about the king: "By nature he received lively mind and a flexible, thoughtful and a bit sarcastic, a real Great Moscow mind."

Specifications can be multiplied, they will match or contradict each other, causing one unfailing sense of dissatisfaction, understatement, ambiguity. The high spirit and churching "attitude king were not in the teeth become vain historians, a dense veil of secrecy enveloping the inner life of John IV of immodest and biased views.

Spiritual leprosy rationalism, denying the faith, and denies the ability to understand those for whom faith is life. "Even if your heart is hardened Imata? Eyes of the wealthy - can not see and ears With thy - can not hear" (Mrk. 8:17-18) - denounced Malovers. Ancient Heart disbelief entailed a spiritual blindness, leaving historians a chance to see through the fog of defamation and slander of this John, to hear his candid, full of fervent faith vote.
As if anticipating this, the king lamented the Terrible, moaning from the hardships and temptations of his ministry: "The body fainted, disease spirit, mental and physical wounds have multiplied, and there is no doctor who could heal me." He waited for me, who would poskorbel with me, and not was one; consoling I have not found - paid me evil for good, hatred - for love. "

Soft and gentle in nature, the king suffered and was tortured, forced to take severe measures. In this he was crowned a striking resemblance to his ancestor - the Holy Prince Vladimir Apostolic, had refused to punish the criminals, fearing to sin against Christian charity. "I'm afraid of sin!" - These words of St. Vladimir is the best applicable to the Terrible Tsar. Despite ample evidence of growing treason, he was from one year to set aside the punishment of those responsible. Farewell treason itself, while it was possible. But the thought that has no right to forgive the betrayal of the cause of God, the structure of Holy Russia, for thought duties as guardian of the Anointed of God, loyalty to the people of his providential destiny.

When in 1565 in the Alexander settlement king decided to burn the power sedition in Russia, this decision was given to him a terrible effort of will. Here's a portrait of the king how he knew before this momentous day: John was a "great stature, well built, had high shoulders, strong muscles, broad chest, beautiful hair, long mustache, a Roman nose, eyes small, gray, but bright, insightful, filled with fire, and a nice person "(9).
When he returned to Moscow, by convening the clergy, the boyars, nobles officials came out to them to announce the oprichnina, many do not know him. John aged, haggard, looked tired, even sick. Cheerful first look faded, once thick head of hair and beard have thinned. King knew he would be, how much responsibility he takes and how much effort it would take him.

Yes, Ivan the Terrible punished. It is estimated that the "Soviet" historian RG Skrynnikova, victims of "king of terror" began three or four thousand people (10). Since the inception oprichnina before his death, King was thirty years. 100 executions a year, given the criminals. Judge for yourself, a lot or a little. Moreover, that the periodic emergence of the widely ramified conspiracy "does not deny any self-respecting historian. What is even political intrigue, headed by the lord Fedorov. Conspirators assumed during the Livonian campaign in 1568 to surround the king's oprichnina shelves, kill them, and the Terrible give the Polish king. But the king, as he could spare ...

Here is one example. Moscow penalty in 1570 described contemporary developments Albert Schlichting, a foreigner. Having no reason to play down the scale (rather the contrary), Schlichting says that three hundred bred to death were executed by only one hundred and sixteen men, and the rest - pardoned and released. In the annals of that time called about the same number of those executed - one hundred and twenty people. And in "The Tale of Ivan the Terrible and merchants Chariton Belouline" extant in the list of the end of XVI century, and did say that the execution was only seven, after which priide messenger from the king, led to release all captured.

One must bear in mind that executions were the result of an investigation of Novgorod and Pskov, the case of trying to secede from the Tsar and leave nationalize non-Christian emperor. Lists of those executed at the expense of the Treasury sent out for inclusion in the synodic (memorial lists) on Russia's monasteries. The king did not want executed evil, asking the Church holy prayers for the repose of souls rebel traitors and collaborators ...

Selfless nature was all the personal life of the king. This is most clearly manifested in the routine of the Alexander settlement. Noisy and vain Moscow king did not like naezzhaya there "not a great time." In the Alexander settlement he arranged everything as he himself, escaping from the ceremony and the order of the sovereign chinnogo life with his binding complex etiquette and the inevitable hypocrisy. Sloboda, in fact, was a monastery in the world. Several hundred nearby royal guardsmen were his brother, and John himself called "the abbot of all Russia. (King did not just want a haircut, and the last time, after the death of his son in 1581, only a unanimous plea approximate prevent the implementation of this intention).

Oprichnina "brothers" wore a monk calotte and black robe. Life in the settlement, as in a monastery governed coenobite charter, written by the king personally. John himself rang for matins in the church singing in the choir, and after Mass, during the community meal, on the ancient monastic tradition of reading for the edification of the lives of saints and patristic teachings on fasting, prayer and abstinence.
According to godliness in their personal lives with the menacing king may be compared, perhaps, the only king quietest - Alexei Mikhailovich, who conducted the house for five hours a day, every day from thousands of keys, up to fifteen hundred bows with the prayer of Jesus.

We know how tenderly and reverently refers to the Orthodox Church liturgical texts. Writers more of it glorified it as holy, over having received the gift of verbal expression to the spiritual, exalted emotions that accompany man on the path of Christian asceticism. So - hymn, written by John King Vasilyevich, the church enjoyed in their worship, even when it expired with the death of more than one decade.

The two hook stihiraryah beginning of the XVII century, there are two verses to St. Peter the Metropolitan (the "Lord, I cry ...") with the inscription" The creation of King John, "two verses it is (in the procession" - that is, lithium) with an inscription -- "The creation of the king and the Grand Duke John Vasilyevich whole of Russia" and two verses of Candlemas "Pure Vladimir." Symbolically, in the Time of Troubles is the words of Ivan the Terrible king appealed to the Russian Church of God, pray for peace and the gift of faith.

Here's one of those stichera: "Blow the song of the trumpet, on the feast day of our blagonarochitogo. Praise the destruction of the darkness and the light coming, than the sun will shine for all; se bo Queen and Lady, Lady, Mother of the Creator of all - Christ our God, hearing the prayer unworthy servant His homage to the charity. Milostivno and apparently prostirayusche to the hands of his Son and our God, their prayers Russia, the liberation from sin to grant requests and his righteousness forgiveness return. O great mercy, Lady! "On the great generosity of Queen, O great intercession of the Virgin Mary, how begs Son His and our God, the coming of the image of His Precious castles and villages saving! Yes vostsoim Queen, King rozhdshey: Rejoice, Christians industrial munificence and grace. Rejoice, will come to You and the intercession of refuge and freedom, our salvation "(The text is close to the modern Russian language ) (11).

Fully and clearly revealed the inner world of the king and his constant communion with the saints, the monk, monks, holy fools, strangers. Most life of King John began with the direct participation of the holy man - Metropolitan Joasaph, which, while still abbot of Holy Trinity St. Sergius Lavra, christened the future emperor Rossiyskogo directly from cancers of St. Sergius, as if prophetically signifying continuity in the case of John IV in relation to the works of a great saint. Another holy Metropolitan - Makarios - okormljal young king in the days of his youth and glory of the first. Effect of First Hierarch was great and beneficial. Metropolitan was a learned scholar. His brilliant education Terrible owes much to St. Macarius, dozens of years working on the great difficulty, minerals Chetyami, in which he wanted to collect all "chtomyya books ordeal in the Russian land we gain." The wise old man the king did not impose his views - his spiritual okormlyaya - he did not seek honor, power, and so was able to maintain intimacy with the monarch, despite all political storms and palace intrigue. "Oh God, how happy would have been Russian land, if the rulers were such as Bishop Makarios yes you," - wrote to the king in 1556 Kazan archbishop Guria.

He especially liked John and his virtuous wife of St Anthony of Siya, radiant holiness of life in the tundra of the far North. He came to Moscow, talked with the king and used his own teachings before his death in 1556.
The famous Moscow holy fool Basil used to go to the king, did not hesitate to expose him to distraction during prayer, restrained anger king affectionate: "Do not boil, Ivanushka ..." Blessed died at the hands of the king, he predicted that the legacy of Russia's not the eldest son, Ivan, and the youngest - Theodore. At the burial of the holy king himself with his fellow nobles carried his coffin (12).


Special mention is the history of relations between the king with the holy Metropolitan Philip, who took the chair of the Moscow saints in 1566. The king himself chose Philip, who was then abbot Solovetsky. John knew devotee since childhood, when he was a young prince, love to play with his son boyar Stepan Ivanovich Kolycheva Theodore, the future Metropolitan of Moscow.

In the years of internecine wars knights genus Kolychevs suffered for his loyalty to Prince Andrew (uncle King John). One of them was hanged, others tried and long held in bondage. Bitter fate of relatives pushed to the monastic way of Fedor. Secretly, in commoner clothes he fled from Moscow in Solovetsky monastery, where he took vows with the name of Philip and went all the way from the novice to the abbot.

Philipp long refused dignity Metropolitan, pleading weakness and unworthiness. "I can not take it upon themselves to exceeding my strength, - he said. - Why did a small boat assign great weight?" The king still insisted, and Philip became Metropolitan. For the first time after his Subjecting all went well. Unanimity "holy sugubitsy" - the king and the Metropolitan - deprived the knights of the intrigues of the room for maneuver is achieved in their "best of times" dichotomy of the two centers of power - the secular and ecclesiastical.

This opportunity they lost largely due to the foresight of the Terrible and Metropolitan, as supplied by gave the floor to the archbishops and bishops and the king (as described in the purposely prepared to read and write), "in oprichnina and the royal house everyday life does not stand up and, to have been effected from for oprichnina and the goblin king not to leave items Metropolis. This charter figure itself as the Metropolitan would be imposed for all brackets of palace intrigue, and, moreover, deprived of the boyars even require its removal "to rest" under the pretext of "unworldliness" saint.

July 25, 1566, after liturgy in the Assumption Cathedral of the king personally handed novopostavlennomu Metropolitan pastoral staff of his holy Precursor - St. Peter's, listened with emotion deeply felt call Philip on the responsibilities of serving the king, and invited all the clergy and boyars in the king's house, cordially entertained by celebrating the acquisition of * a helper. But the unanimity of the Emperor and First Hierarch was unbearable to those who, in his high position could see no reason for an enhanced service to the tsar and Russia, as a justification covetous and vain endeavors.


* The Life of St. Philip noted that he had all tried to imitate the Metropolitan Macarius, his predecessor, the wise, having attained a particular affection and respect for the king of righteousness, and clarity of spiritual understanding.
In June 1567 letters were intercepted by the Polish King Sigismund and the Lithuanian Hetman Khotkevych to the most important boyars with the proposal to flee to Lithuania. A search for the perpetrators, followed by executions. Metropolitan petitioned for commutation of the fate of criminals, but the king supported the policy. "That's what I have gathered you, fathers and brothers to remain silent, afraid to utter the truth?" - Pastors, he denounced the Church executed silently sympathized ... - There is no dignity of this world are not deliver us from eternal torment, if transgressed the commandment of Christ, and forget our duty to peschis of piety righteous king of peace and prosperity of Orthodox Christianity. " *

* As a rule, these words of St. Philip are to be interpreted in the sense that he called for pastors, submissive royal will, to rebel against oprichnina. In the text of the speech is its importance is no hint. Speaking of "sound science", then there is no evidence at all that many "incriminating" speech, Metropolitan, cited in its various Lives, were they ever uttered.

Not conceal his sympathy for the prelate Metropolitan Herman, Archbishop of Kazan. But there were also those who are sacrificing truthfulness Metropolitan before the king threatened to expose and disgrace. Among them were: Pimen - Archbishop of Novgorod, who dreamed himself to take the chair Metropolitan; Pafnutii - Bishop of Suzdal and Filofei Ryazan. Soul of the conspiracy aimed at dividing the Monk with John Philip IV, became the tsar's confessor, Archpriest Annunciation Eustace, afraid of losing position and confidence of the king.

Tactics plot was simple: to lie about the king of the Metropolitan, a prelate to slander the king. This was primarily to prevent the misunderstanding was resolved in person. In addition, it was necessary to find a pretext for the removal of St. Philip. Time passed, and the evil seeds of falsehood gave the first shoots. King was able to instill that Philip, despite the promise, sought to intervene in the sovereign affairs.

For the Metropolitan were no secret plans of his enemies. "I can see - he said - upcoming end of me, but do you know why I want to drive here and excite the king against me?" Because I do not flatter me in front of them ... However, that whatever does not cease to speak the truth but not in vain wear san svjatitelskogo. For a while it seemed that the conspirators fail. The king refused to believe in the malevolence of Philip, and demanded proof that they had not and could not be.

Then, not expecting to find "dirt" at the Metropolitan in Moscow, the attackers went to Solovki. There Pafnutii Suzdal, Andronikovsky Archimandrite Theodosius and Prince Vasili Temkin threats, caresses and money were forced to perjury against some of the monks of St. Philip, and took them with him, hurried back. Among the false witnesses, to the shame of the monastery, the abbot was Paissy, a student of Metropolitan St., tempted the promise it episcopal chair.

There was "court". The king tried to protect the prelate, but was forced to accept "collective" opinion about the guilt of Metropolitan. And, knowing from experience that to persuade the king to be politically unreliable Philip, the conspirators had prepared charges relating to the life of the saint on Solovki even while he was there the abbot, and it seems to have baffled John IV.
In the day of the feast of Archangel Michael in 1568 St. Philip has been consolidated with the department of metropolitan and sent to "retire" in a Moscow monastery of Old St. Nicholas, where its content is king ordered to allocate from the treasury of four altân day. But the enemies of the saint did not stop there, achieving removal of the hated old man in the Founding of the monastery, away from the capital. Until now the history of relations between the tsar Ivan the Terrible and Metropolitan Philip is very similar to the relations of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich with his "Sobinov" friend - Patriarch Nikon, and slandered and exiled.
However, the triumph of the attackers did not last long. In December 1569 the king and oprichnina entourage moved to Novgorod in order to personally lead the investigation in the case of treason and patronage of local authorities heretics "Judaizers." During this investigation, the autopsy could regard Novgorod traitors, among them a prominent place was occupied by Archbishop Pimen, with the Moscow boyar groups involved in dealing with the Metropolitan of St. Philip. In these circumstances, the disgraced Metropolitan becoming a dangerous witness.

He decided to remove and barely had time to do it, because the king was coming to Tver. He was sent to Philip, his trusted guardsmen Malyuta Skuratov for svjatitelskogo blessing to the campaign and, presumably, for the explanations that could shed light on "Novgorod case. But Malyuta not found in the living saint. He could only give him his last respects, being present at the burial, and immediately went to report to the king *

* John is extremely sensitive in all cases concerning dushespaseniya, recorded the names of all executed in special synodic, who then sent out to the monasteries for eternal remembrance "for the repose of the soul." Lists of these (which are, incidentally, the only reliable instrument to judge the extent of repression), strike with their detail and integrity. Name of St. Philip in them not. No, for the simple reason that no order ever executed Metropolitan King did not give. This widespread version on close examination turns out to be mediocre fiction, as well as many other "evidence" about the "atrocities" Terrible Tsar.

Fears conspirators met. Terrible understood, and only his continual desire to limit the minimum possible penalty saved the lives of many of them. Here they write about this the Lives of the Saints (in January, the feast day of St. Philip's):

"... The king put his terrible disgrace to all perpetrators and accomplices of his (Metropolitan) penalty. Archbishop of Novgorod unfortunate Pimen by deposition from the throne, was sent to a conclusion in Venevsky Nikolsky Monastery and lived there under the perpetual fear of death, and Filofei Ryazan was deprived archpastorship. Do not remain forgotten and the stern policeman saint - Stefan Kobylin: against the wishes of his tonsured a monk and entered the Savior-stone monastery on the island Kubenskoye. But mostly anger of the king comprehended Solovetsky monastery.

Ambitious Abbot Paissy instead promised him a bishopric, was exiled to Balaam, the monk Zosimus and nine monks, which accused the Metropolitan, were also sent to different monasteries, and many of them en route to link died from serious diseases. As if in punishment of the entire fraternity angry king sent the Solovki stranger postrizhennika - Barlaam, a monk of St. Cyril - Belozersky Monastery, to manage the monastery at the rank of the builder. And only at the end of his days he returned the favor in his abode, complaining of its large cash deposits and things for the commemoration of the disgraced and suffered from his anger Solovetsky monks and people of Novgorod. "
During the investigation of Novgorod, the king remained faithful to the habit to confide her actions advice of people experienced in the spiritual life, had the glory of the saints, the righteous. In Novgorod, the king has been visiting the St. Arseny, reclusive monastic abode on the trade side of the city. King spared this monastery, free from the heretical spirit, and without anger heard rebuking reclusive, sometimes very harsh and unpleasant.

Typical for the king and the reason which forced him to give up the steep steps in Pskov. On the road from Novgorod John was somehow in a special sad and thoughtful. On the last night in the village Lyubyatove, near the city, the king could not sleep, praying, when his ear heard the bells Pskov churches were ringing for matins. His heart, as written by contemporaries, miraculously moved. John introduced himself repentant criminals awaiting harsh retribution and praying for their salvation from the sovereign's wrath. The idea that God is God and Savior who repent sins, restrained the king from the strict penalties. Выйдя из избы, царь спокойно сказал: "Теперь во Пскове все трепещут, но напрасно: я не сотворю им зла".

So it was, moreover, that the entrance to the Pskov king met whacky Nicola, the city known righteous. Hopping on a stick in front of the king's horse, he kept saying: "Ivanushka! Ivanushka! Eat bread and salt (the inhabitants of the city met John Lenten meal .- ca. Com.), Tea, ate no meat in the human Novgorod!" Considering exposures fool for the voice of God, the king abolished the penalty, and left Pskov *


* Righteous Nicholas, Pskov miracle worker, passed away Feb. 28, 1576. In ancient Kondak he said: "The Miracle Worker was Nicholas, Tsarevo Power ... at the mercy of paying ... Thou art the city of Pskov and all hristolyubivym people praise and approval.

You can even give examples of relationships Terrible king to the holy, righteous, bishops and holy fool. But they continue to demonstrate that his behavior is always and in all determined by a deep and sincere piety, the fullness of the Christian worldview and a firm belief in his royal "draft" as a God-given ministry. Even in anger, John remained a Christian. Here's what he said Novgorod Archbishop Pimen caught in betrayal handwritten charter, written by King Sigismund. The bishop tried to avert retribution, to meet the king on the Great Bridge to the miracle-working icons, surrounded by local clergy. "Zlochestivets! In your hand - do not cross the life-giving, but the weapons killing which you want to plunge us into the heart. I know intent yours ... Henceforth you are no longer the pastor, but an enemy of the Church and St. Sophia, ravenous wolf, murderer, a hater of the crown Monomakhovo !

Assuming for the need to work the most thankless, the king, as the surgeon cut off from the body of Russia rotting, useless members. John was not seduced by the expected assessment of his contemporaries (and descendants) of his work, saying: "I was waiting for me, who would poskorbel with me, and was not the one, I consoled not found - paid me back evil for good, and hatred - for love." Second time provided we are saying John, is now rightly say - really well!
In contrast to historians, the people correctly understand his king and holy honored his memory. Until the revolution and the subsequent destruction of Orthodox holy sites of the Kremlin at the tomb of Ivan the king came the common people be the requiem, believing that thus expressed reverence for John IV draws the grace of God in the affairs that require a fair and impartial trial.

Hear me THEMSELVES, do not forget the Lord your God ...
Boyars oprichnina, Zemsky Sobor

Historians repeatedly complained about the "mysterious" and even "great mystery" oprichnina. Meanwhile, nothing mysterious about it does not, if we consider oprichnina in the light of centuries formed on Russia relations people and government, society and the king. These "non-legal" relations based on the division of responsibilities inherent in most family than the public life, have left their mark on the whole system of Russian life.

Thus, Russian Estates division, for example, had at its basis the idea of the peculiar service to each class. Class responsibilities were thought of as religious, and themselves estates - as different forms common to all Christian work: the salvation of souls. And King John IV all in his power to ensure that the "tune" the esprit body of Russia, how to tune a musical instrument, the tuning fork of the Orthodox Faith. The instrument, which served for this hard work, became oprichnina. Looking at it so all can understand and explain. Here's what you really can not, it's understanding of the actions of John IV (including oprichnina) in terms of primitive utilitarian, all who see only "interests", "benefit", "correlation of forces", oddly combining this with a commitment to "objective historical laws. "

In order to "tune" the Russian society in unison with the requirements of the Christian worldview, especially needed to put an end to the concepts of "mutual obligations" as between the classes and within them. Mutual obligations give rise to accusations of neglect them, grievances, resentment and squabbling - and this is most clearly manifested in this ugly phenomenon as lordly localism. Innocuous at first glance, the idea of mutual responsibility creates a sense self-esteem of participants of this relationship, leads to isolation, segregation, opposition of interests and, ultimately - to the estate or class hatred, the living dissecting the national body.

Does not divide the people of the responsibility "to each other, inevitably engenders claims" rights "and forgetting the responsibilities, and overall, cathedral responsibility before God should be, according to Grozny, the basis of Russian life. This shared responsibility equalizes all in a single church service, a unified concept of duty, one faith and mutual love, commanded by the Lord Himself in the words: "Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself." Recall royal mention of efforts to "subdue all in love." Before God, man has no rights, there is a duty - common to all, and it unites people in one catholic identity of "common Usta and one heart", according to the Church, appealing to God in the hot son's prayer.

In this nationwide before God the king is on a special position. Anointed of God, he presents a charity public life of the people, is the point at which symbolically unite heaven and earth, the kingdom of God and human. In his royal service he was "not of this world", and therefore before him, as before God, all are equal, and no one has any privileges or special rights. "The nature of bodily king like every man. The authorities dignity is like ... God. It does not bo on the ground Vyšší itself. Proper to DRC (king) like a mortal, not voznositisya, and, like a God, do not gnevatisya ... when thou Prince besporochen will everybody happy, you can ... and torments, and said farewell of all people with all meekness, "- says one of the collections of the second half of XVI century. Such understanding royal power and tried to bring Russia John V.. But on his way rose nobility.
"... Even to half of the XV century Moscow Grand Prince was surrounded by a dense wall of noble knights names - said Klyuchevsky. The situation aggravated by the entry of the Moscow service princes fleeing abolished the specific tables. - Since in all branches of Moscow's control - in the State Duma Advisers in the orders of the judges, that is, the ministers in the areas of governors, in the shelves governors are all princes and dukes. After the princes went to Moscow to Rostov, Yaroslavl, Ryazan boyars. That would not be anything wrong if the union of Great and the Rise of Moscow's Grand Duke to the level of national sovereign has not changed fatally views nobility to his place in Russian life.

In the specific-century nobleman in Moscow, served, and belonging to the estate meant to him above all the recognition of a corresponding duty. All the XIV century - a century of dedication to the Moscow boyars the national ideals and goals. Relations with the Grand Prince of Moscow evolved so very amicable. "Listen to all the father of our lord Alexei yes the old boyars, who like our father good and us" - wrote in his will to his heirs of Simeon the Proud, delivering next in importance to the Metropolitan and the nobility. Saint Prince Dmitry Donskoy treated boyars more intimate. Turning to the children, he said: "Boyar their love, honor them with a decent Recompense for their service, without the will to do nothing."

But by the end of the XV-early XVI century the situation changed. In the nobility, replenishes the titled unit nobility, brought to Moscow, the notion of their inheritance rights, established view of its leading position as a "legitimate" business - the privilege is not dependent on the will of the sovereign. This threatened the destruction of the harmony of national life, based on the concelebrated classes in a common effort, in their mutual equality before God and the king. "Even if Grozny to oprichnina, landlords of the highest nobility, who in their vast estates ruled and judged without appeal, without even giving the report the king," - wrote Klyuchevskii. Moreover, the king, as a person, focusing his full responsibility for what happens in a country that appears to be the boyars a convenient smokescreen, depriving themselves of this responsibility, but leaves them with all their alleged "rights". The number of the most illustrious knights of names was small - no more than two or three hundred, but their share in the mechanism governing the country was overwhelming.

The situation was becoming unbearable, but to remedy the king was in need of thinkers, who could take over the administration of the country that traditionally belonged to the aristocracy. It is in its unworthy part had to be from these functions are eliminated. These "servants near the" sovereign faithful are called "henchmen", and lands reserved for their support, the name "oprichnina. Contrary to general opinion, the land of those were few. Thus, displacement from lands taken in oprichnina other "patrimony" affect about thousands of landowners - boyars, nobles and knights. This oprichnina was by no means exclusively "antiboyarskim" tool. The king's decree on the establishment of oprichnina made it clear that it is not divide the "traitors" and "Likhodeev" to any group or based on work or on the tribe, either in rank, or by social class.
Sam decree oprichnina did not appear overnight, but was the logical conclusion of a long process of searching Ivan the Terrible best, naihristianneyshego towards addressing him as the anointed of God, challenges. His first attempts in this way connected with the rise of the Annunciation of the priest Sylvester and Alexei Fyodorovich Adasheva. Only after a betrayal Adasheva and Sylvester showed in 1560 the impossibility of nourishment to the Russian people traditionally Boyar authorities, the question arose of replacing them, to resolve four years after the decree of oprichnina.

Adach itself to the aristocracy did not belong. The son of a minor service man, he first appears on the stage of history on Feb. 3, 1547 at the royal wedding as "lozhnichego and movnika" that is, he was drifting royal bed, and accompanied the bridegroom to the bath. In 1550 John granted Adasheva in Okolnichy and at the same time said: "Alex!" I took you out of the poor and most young people. I've heard about your good deeds, and now sought thee above measure your order to help my soul ... Do not be afraid strong and glorious ... All considered carefully and brings us the truth, afraid of the court of God: therefore choose the judges of truth from the boyars and nobles! "

Adach rules on behalf of the king, "the sovereign's word, lifted above the boyar aristocracy - the king hoped to thus put lordly birth willfulness under control. Oprichnina become in the future only logical conclusion of such an attempt. In this case the end result, according to Ivan the Terrible, was to be no abolition of power structures (such as the Boyar Duma, for example), but only fill them with a new, religiously meaningful content. The king did not like to break unnecessarily.

Adach "rules of the Russian land", together with the priest Sylvester. The Annunciation ieree king, known for his piety (who went to distant monasteries in repentance atone for even minor sins - "shun small word for") - wanted to see the personification of the Christian understanding of nationhood. However, the boyar elite managed to "pull" Adasheva and Sylvester in themselves, make them representative of their aspirations. Adach intervened in the court intrigues around Zakharins - relatives of Anastasia, wife of the king, restrained in favor of specific interests of creating a single centralized Russian troops. Sylvester was not beautiful - their son Anfimov he joined not in the "brave" and "lutchie people", and in trade, having secured for him the king's appointment be in charge of the treasury customs duties.

King, if successful, plans knights had only "after the chief."

Russian history was nearly turned into cliches of Western European gauge, in which the monarch served as a balancer between the conflicting interests of different social groups. Only after the cooling of relations with the former king's darlings case moved in a different direction. In 1556, were adopted by royal decrees, in which all landowners, regardless of the size of their estates, made servicemen people of the state. "It was about the equation of" strong "and" rich "people with all servicemen in the service obligations to the state it was in spite of their wealth, their economic independence," - recognizes Al'shits. He also wrote that during the period of Adasheva and Sylvester "was a question - which path Russia: towards strengthening of feudalism (read: orthodox autocracy - approx. Com.) Or the path of bourgeois development ... The fact that reform and Adasheva Sylvester ... have tended to direct the development of the country on a path (the purposed Grozny - ca. com.) in the political system and ... the basis of the economy - namely, the path of strengthening the caste representative of the monarchy, there is no doubt. "
Idea oprichnina opposite. "I am the king, - said the Terrible - God of will, not mnogomyatezhnym human volition. Russian emperor is not the king Boyarsky. He is not even the king vsesoslovny - that is nationwide. He - the Anointed One of God. The instrument of approval of such a view of power and became oprichnina.
In oprichnina took only "lutchih", "optional". Particularly careful selection were people who had direct relevance to the emperor. Before we reached the inventory of royal archive, which is the following entry: "Box 200, and it spying kinship Klyuchnikov, podklyuchnikov and Sytnikov, and cooks, and pomyasov, and all serfs. On March 20, 1573 in the oprichnina the court of King John there were 1,854 people. Of these, 654 people formed a protective shell emperor, his guard. Data, taken from the serving of the court showing the salaries, duties, and "feed", coincide with the foreigners. Schlichting, Taube and Kruse mention 500 - 800 people "special oprichnina." These people, if necessary, serve as a trusted royal Commissioners, who carried out, security, intelligence, investigative and punitive functions. Among them, incidentally, was in 1573 still young. then oprichnik Boris Fedorov son Godunov. The remaining 1,200 guardsmen are divided into four orders, namely: bed, in charge of maintenance of the premises of the palace and household goods of the royal family; Bronnaya, ie weapons, Stables, which manages the huge horse farm of the palace and the royal guard, and rich - food (13) .

Oprichnina army did not exceed five or six thousand people. Despite the small numbers, it has played a prominent role in the protection of Russia, for example, in the battle of the young, in 1572, during which the Tartar troops were defeated and their commander Divey Murza captured guardsmen Atalykinym. Eventually oprichnina become a "source of manpower," forged the sovereign people of one mind with him, and ensures the implementation of appropriate policies. Here is just one example:

In September 1577 during the Livonian campaign the king and his staff sent by the city Smiltyne Prince MV porous and A. Saltykov "hundreds". The Germans and Lithuanians, entrenched in the city, refused to surrender, and the king's generals - spongy and Saltykov - "near the town of the same nikotorova fishing is not staged, and to the sovereign that lead not staged, that the city of Lithuania said. And the emperor sent them provedyvat boyar's son Prony Bolakireva ... And Pronya Bolakirev came to them at night and keep watch at them at that time was not, and he came in, noisy. And Prince Michael porous and Ondrej Saltykov polchane and archers from the hustle and hurry to run from anybody, and after staying . And Pronya Bolakirev came to the Emperor all that truly told the emperor that they are careless and do not in sovereign mandates. And the emperor, he thought about kruchinittsa, but sent ... Demenshu Cheremisinova told about it so hard to find, as they deelos .. . " (14).

The famous henchmen, and now a house-serf dumnyi nobleman D. Cheremisina investigate at first hand the circumstances of the case and told the king that the porous and Saltykov not only "did not much, not to the sovereign's Mandate", but also intended to take possession of the Lithuanians, if they leave town. "Let go of the city, soul and body", ie without the property. Cheremisina quickly restored order. He released the Lithuanians from the city "with all their stomachs - and Lithuania immediately cleaned up the city ..." Sam Cheremisina next morning I went to report to the king. Prince spongy "for service Wehle monarch in the stables whips to beat. And Ondrej Saltykov not beat the emperor ordered. Those "taken away by the fact that if Prince Michael spongy his sovereign's Mandate is not shown, and Ondrej Saltykov for Toe nesluzhbu sovereign coats are not commanded to give."
Where necessary, management of military operations is removed from the hands of provincial governors and vested in the yard.

In July 1577 the king's governor moved to the city Kes and zamestnichalis. Prince M. Tyufyakin twice harassed king petitions. To him it was "written by the king with apprehension, that he duruet. But did not want to take the painting and other magistrates: "A sovereign's governor again dawdled and did not go to Kyoshi. And the Emperor sent to them from the grief of the Moscow embassy clerk Andrew Shchelkalov ... from the village sent the emperor a nobleman Daniel Borisovich Saltykov, and led them to itit x Kyoshi and earn one's living his own business by provincial governors and magistrates with them. "

As you can see, it was worth the magistrates begin "durovat", as a trustee for the king - a house-serf, oprichnik Daniel B. Saltykov was authorized to send troops "by" governor, that is, removing them from the command. Just that strive among themselves for places all at once the princes were subject to a neighborhood DB Saltykov, a man compared to them at all "young".

Over time, the boyars with oprichnina recovered from the estate arrogance, vpryagshis in the general draft *. That oprichnina not seen as an independent value and its long existence did not initially anticipated, shows the king of the testament, written during his illness in Novgorod in 1572. "What esmi perpetrate oprichnina - Terrible wrote - and then on the will of my children Ivan and Fyodor, as they are more profitable, so be it, and mend, and a sample of massacre carried out ready. I say, as their forces showed how necessary, and selection of specific modes of action for you - do not hesitate to nothing.

* Unfortunately, the nobility did not fully healed. And in the reign of Feodor Ivanovich (1584-1598), and in the reign of Godunov (1598-1605) of the boyars continued to "pull themselves". This "self", the reluctance included in the common cause naturally led to the betrayal of September 21, 1610, when, fearing popular revolt, the boyar elite secretly at night admitted to Moscow occupiers - 800 German lancers and 3,5-strong Polish detachment Korwin Gosiewski. In general, the role of the boyars, he has played in preparing and fueling of the first Russian Time of Troubles (beginning of the XVII century) is similar to the role played by some Russian intellectuals in the organization of the Second Russian Troubles (in XX century). And there, and here it all started with the fact that part of society mutilos national-religious identity, lose the feeling of unity with the national body.

Zemshchina oprichnina and eventually merged, and the latter is dying quietly as the ruling class of Russia reflection of his religious duty, their place in an all-Russian ministry. Moreover, a powerful factor in the formation of such a common vision became a Zemsky Sobor, the first of which was convened by John IV at the beginning of his reign, in 1550 (according to other sources - in 1547). This. Was the "Cathedral of reconciliation", in which the gathering "from the towns of every rank" people of the king promised to make amends for all the adversities Dire boyar rule.

The Cathedral was conceived as a symbolic act, returns to the people and the king lost in the turmoil interregnum unity. "For all these features, - wrote Klyuchevskii - the first Zemsky Sobor in Moscow is a sort of unprecedented in European history, an act of repentance, the king and the boyars government in their political sins." "Vnide fear in my soul - tell you later, Ivan the Terrible of religious feelings prompted him to the idea of a cathedral - and tremble in my bones and my spirit humbled, and touched and postural own sin." Note that the confession was mutual - the people, too, repent of your sins before the authorities. This turned the churches into a tool to combat any turmoil by adopting a national church unity.
The end of XVI century sobor met three times - in 1566, 1584 and 1598, respectively. Excluding the cathedral in 1566, the decisive question of war and peace, which required in the circumstances of the popular approval, the remaining councils were convened in order to prevent an interregnum and confirmation of religious-mystical unity of the people and the king *. The same purpose was served by the famous Cathedral in 1613, putting an end to the disintegration of the Russian state and the Catholic intrigues, calling to the throne a new dynasty, and testified Cathedral oath their eternal loyalty to the Romanov family
as God-given Russia Tsars.
* The spiritual basis of catholicity, of course, did not interfere with solving practical problems.














L I T E R A T U R A

1. Tolstoy MV A History of Russian Church. Publication of the Valaam Monastery, 1991, pp. 432.
2. Ibid. 433.
3. Al'shits DN Start autocracy in Russia. L., 1988, pp. 161.
4. See, for example.: Chin sacred coronation "-" Orthodox life. " Jordanville, 1988.
5. Karamzin NM The traditions of centuries. M., 1988, pp. 567.
6. Fedorov GP St. Philip, Metropolitan of Moscow. M., 1991, pp. 51.
7. Tolstoy MV Ordinance. cit., pp. 430.
8. Karamzin NM Ordinance. cit., pp. 575-576.
9. Russian historical narrative. M., 1984, pp. 146. Description given in the translation into modern Russian.
10. See: Skrynnikov RG kingdom of terror. Petersburg. 1992. The book presents a very remarkable combination of factual completeness of the traditional conceptual helplessness.
11. Tolstoy MV Ordinance. cit., pp. 432, app. 35. Stihira translated into modern Russian language.
12. Ibid. 406.
13. See: Al'shits DN Ordinance. cit. L., 1988, ch. 8.
14. Ibid. 204-206.
Source: Reverend John, Metropolitan of St. Petersburg and Ladoga AUTOCRACY SPIRIT, St. Petersburg.: Publisher LS Yakovleva, 1994 - 352 pp.

Book Archbishop of the Russian Orthodox Church - a vast narrative covering the history of Russia from the moment of baptism, and to this day. The Orthodox view of the event - the first time in post-revolutionary period - a whole new way explains the "white spots" in the chain of days long past, gives hope to comprehend not only the present but the future of Russia. Wise and purifying the word of lord John wakes the nation from spiritual sleep, and again reminds all: Russia - the foot of the Throne of God, people of Russian - the keeper of purity of the Orthodox Faith. Let it be forever!

[Кирилл Сызранский]

Сообщение от gans

Metropolitan John (Snychev)

I saw him often, we have about 20 years, probably served to Peter.

[Pavel]

Ehoevtsy fun. Gave us this mess, and in the mire, and from there croak-see what you ...