In Russia in the late XIX - early XX centuries, plants of the Association of production of porcelain and faience products MS Kuznetsova "in Riga, Dulevo, Novgorod, Verbilki and others were major producers of relatively inexpensive porcelain for general consumers.
Matthew Sidorovich Kuznetsov - a talented, enterprising industrialist - supplied porcelain throughout Russia. He does not simply continued the work of his father and grandfather, and led him to a new level - significantly increased the power plants inherited him by inheritance, bought new, expanded range of products, markets, successfully competing with European and Oriental porcelain manufacturers.
He founded the "family business" grandfather Matthew Sidorovich - James Kuznetsov - a village blacksmith. Peasants came to him shoe a horse, buy axis to a wagon, scythe, ax, rake ... Carriageways sometimes stopped for the night - also "paper income".
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Why not just talking evil tongues, when Jacob Kuznetsov began to put blockhouse on the river Dork, almost at the edge of the village Gzhel: robbed, they say, and killed the lodger - a wealthy merchant ... Soon the house began to drive up the carts with clay, quartz, spar: in 1810 it was already a small handicraft porcelain plant. Two years later, his son was headed by James - Terenty. Determined to expand his father's production, he built a new plant - in Dulyovo Vladimir province. In 1832, production from the sorting shop, warehouse, painting workshop was put into effect. This enterprising landlord does not stop there: not far away in the village Korotkova, was perfectly well-established porcelain manufacturing AG Safonov. His painters knew a special recipe of bright colors and ceramic porcelain mass, artfully painted products covered way - blue, pink, yellow, crimson cobalt, velvety, juicy. For finishing expensive dishes used gold, engraved agate. In the whimsical ornament "read" every detail. Terenty Kuznetsov in whatever was decided to buy this plant and did it. First, in 1851, rented, and later became its rightful owner.
Son Terenty - Sidor, taking over the reins from his father closed the proceedings Korotkova, and talented craftsmen moved its plant in Dulyovo. Prior to that, even in 1843, he founded a porcelain-faience factory in Riga, which produced the dining room and tea utensils, as well as the telegraph and telephone insulators, polufayansovye products. Skilled craftsmen came here from Gzhel - on the outskirts of Riga, near the Western Dvina, appeared the Russian countryside. Porcelain production grew, bringing considerable revenue.
His son Matthew Sidor Terent'evich from early childhood trying to instill business flair, trained him strength of character, patience, perseverance. Education Matthew got home, and in 1861 - in 15 years - by the will of my father went to Riga. Managing introduced him not only with all the wisdoms of the porcelain, but taught and to what should be the owner of production. In Riga, Matthew graduated from Commercial College, by the Government participated in the development of tariffs for rail transport and customs duties.
In 1864 came his time to lead "Kuznetsovsk case. At age 18, Matthew became the sole owner of all plants of the family Kuznetsov. However, officially he was under the tutelage of their husbands sisters to adulthood - 21 years, that has not stopped him in 19 to acquire their own family. Year by year it grew: for the heirs of Matthew Kuznetsova was eight - seven sons and one daughter.
Matthew Kuznetsov set a goal - to create a monopoly of all the private porcelain factories in Russia - and his life was to her. In the Tver province, in the village Kuznetsova (now Konakovo), there is a factory belonging to the AY Auerbach - one of the best in the country. He founded a pharmacist from Bohemia Friedrich Brynner, and in 1810 sold Auerbach - Livonian pharmacist, who brought the plant in Kuznetsova. This created the unique beauty of things - especially cutlery, decorated with garlands of flowers and leaves. The scope of the enterprise can be judged from the fact that over a travel service for the Imperial Palace in Tver work 7 thousand people! Products of a factory were awarded three gold medals at various exhibitions, twice the plant received the right to represent them at the national emblem, which was considered the highest award. In 1870, Matthew buys plant Kuznetsov AY Auerbach holds its reconstruction, the technical reconstruction, sets of three steam boilers, steam engines, nearly doubles the number of workers. With a production base and craftsmen of the highest class, the plant produces majolica, porcelain, faience, polufayans highest quality, consistently receiving awards at exhibitions and commissions from private individuals.
By the second half of the XIX century, MS Kuznetsov was the largest supplier of porcelain, earthenware, majolica and other products on the world market, had 18 enterprises in Russia Empire, among them 8 factories in Dulyovo, Kuznetsova, Budaha Kharkov province, village Elavlyanke Chernigov province, in the village of Sand Kaluga Province.
In 1889 was established by the Association of production of porcelain and faience products MS Kuznetsova "with the board in Moscow. But his boss was not going to rest on our laurels: to be left wondering famous factory Gardner - the best porcelain factory in Russia. At the end of XIX century, it suddenly began to experience financial difficulties. There were rumors that the bankrupt company "helped" Kuznetsov. Other explanation for the fact that the plant with the world-famous, not knowing the crisis, suddenly found himself in such a deplorable situation, many are not found. Anyway, in April 1892, MS Kuznetsov concluded a bargain with the last owner of the plant, Elizaveta N. Gardner, of 238 thousand and 300 acres of land. Separately for 5 thousand were bought all the factory model, forms, drawings, samples. A special treaty reaffirmed the right to a new owner to put on products, signs, invoices, and Emblem logo factory "Gardner", his awards and medals. Henceforth, the glory belonged to Gardner Kuznetsov, who became the same monopoly of the private porcelain!
"Porcelain mogul" Kuznetsov tried to compete with the Imperial Porcelain Factory. From St. Petersburg came to Dulyovo many painters, but to join the "free" painted folk artists and a strict range of classics failed. Each style was good in its own way and developed independently.
Each year, plants of the Association of MS Kuznetsova produces products to more than 7 thousand - two-thirds of total manufacturing industry in Russia. Famous not only excellent Kuznetsovsky porcelain, faience, opal dining and tea-things, and terracotta figurines, vases, beautiful tiles for stoves, painted with strict observance of the style of ancient paintings ...
Matthew Kuznetsov had 15 permanent shopping centers in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Odessa, Kharkiv, Warsaw; traded on twelve Russian fairs, as well as in Persia, Turkey and the Balkans.
The so-called "oriental goods" prevailed in the production of the Association of MS Kuznetsova "- produced by the former Gardner and Gzhel plants. On the eastern market was sold to Russia usual assortment of utensils - teapots, cups with the decor made in explanation of oriental ornaments, as well as subjects of Eastern origin - bowls, dishes for pilaf, hookahs and more. "Kashgar print" mastered the factories of the Association of MS Kuznetsova, ousted from the markets of Persia, Afghanistan, Mongolia and other Asian Porcelain from Germany, France and England.
Among the companies MS Kuznetsova was the largest Dulevo plant. By the beginning of the twentieth century worked here more than 2300 people, there were 8 kilns for baking dishes, three steam engines output 530 horsepower, 20 muffle furnaces. When the plant near Nizhniy Novgorod paved railroad production received additional benefits. Products Dulyovo considered one of the best in Europe, largely through the use of raw materials of superior quality and his special treatment. At first glance, the secret was simple: the clay during the year were stored in cellars massozagotovochnogo shop, not eating - "letovali. During this time she became plastic. Significant was the use of only dry, seasoned fuel: Use only peat extracted until July 20. The rest was considered unsuitable for the production of porcelain, because not enough time to dry it up to standard moisture. But, of course, mostly that make products of the Association of MS Kuznetsov so magnificent - was the highest qualification of masters of its plants - their talent and gold hands.
Painters Gzhel traditionally painted cobalt blue dishes, decorating her largest Rozanov, rarely - small flowers. This style of painting took over and master Dulyovo, but their "Rose" was a pinkish-purple. In 40-50-ies at the factory there are many skilled workers, engaged in painting. Name Agafia was most common among them, "earthenware" named and their pictures - touching, naive, but very vivid and bright, just glaring. Later Dulyovo appeared kind of style - "inn", too bright, eye-catching, but more decorative, resembling a beautiful toy.
Kuznetsov vigilantly traces of porcelain products in the global market, seeking to implement its factories all the latest achievement. In 1910 the French firm "Fort" has released a machine for forming cups with thick walls. Kuznetsov immediately bought the car and found in Dulyovo, and then in Gzhel. In the 80 years in Western Europe became fashionable to decorate porcelain decal way decalcomania - multi-color printing, fully simulating hand-painted. "Dekalko successfully replaced the painters. In 1900-ies in Dulyovo was established production of its own decal 900 varieties, but the colors seemed bright enough, and multi-colored decal being finalized by hand. Scenes for drawings decal resembled porcelain paintings of the first half of the XIX century: the romantic landscapes, genre scenes, bouquets of flowers in a frame stamped image with gold and other colors. Artists airbrush for overglaze painting tinted products colored background, which then glued decol with floral ornaments. Were fashionable at the time the tender colors: blue, pink, lilac, yellow.
The main buyers of products Kuznetsovsky factories in Russia were farmers market - their products cheaper and attract bright, and the townspeople, readily bought up at an average price Kuznetsovsk dishes, like a painting on an expensive "noble." Matthew Sidorovich paid much attention to the study of consumer demand. New drawings were developed at its factories in the light taste of certain customers, and take into account the emotional impact of color solutions murals. He was invited for the work of famous Russian artists. It is known that the factory Kuznetsova, albeit short-lived, worked, MA Vrubel, creating a sketch of painting decorative dishes, explanations of "Sadko.
In 1912 - to 100-anniversary of Russia's victory in the Patriotic War of 1812 - Plants of the Association of MS Kuznetsov fired plates, dinner sets, cups, dishes depicting scenes from the history of World War II, richly decorated with gold-stamped ornaments, decal for which were made in Germany.
In 1913 the factory in Dulyovo worked more than three thousand people, were produced almost 20 thousand products amounting to about 1 750 000 rubles.
"Association of MS Kuznetsova "largely due to the commercial talent of Matthew Sidorovich, his enterprise, exceptional creativity in solving business issues flourished. After participating in the Moscow Polytechnic Exhibition in 1872 and in the industrial exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod, he was right to put their products on national emblem. She grew up and world fame. One example of this - the gold medal at the World Exhibition in Paris in 1889 and 1900, "Grand Prix" at the exhibition in Reims in 1903 and Liege in 1905.
Merit to the Fatherland and the MS Society Kuznetsov was awarded orders and Stanislav Vladimir two degrees, of St. Ann and the Order of Bukhara stars, the French Cavalry Cross and the Order of the Legion of Honor. He was a member of many charitable institutions, was the vowel of the Moscow City Duma in Moscow and elective exchange companies and, of course, the best of the best in the industry had the title of "Supplier of the Court of His Imperial Majesty."
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It would be good here yet to post information about post-revolutionary fate of the largest porcelain companies, their transformations and current status. As far as I know, Konakovo and Verbilki ceased to exist, or those rumors were premature?
The spiritual maturity of the people and their rulers is expressed in the ability to remember the good. MS Kuznetsov, who built porcelain and earthenware industry in Russia, earned a grateful memory of posterity. But the descendants of the desecrated and destroyed his tomb in the cemetery Rogozhskoe, and only been in the XXI century. his tomb was found and marked stele with his image.
Dmitrov Porcelain Factory, located in the village Verbilki, traces its history from the first private plant-based English merchant Gardner in 1766, he became famous for high quality porcelain shards, the Order's own sets and numerous small sculptures. Also included in the "Association of MS Kuznetsov," at the end of the XIX century.
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Beginning with the creative processing of the Western European models - the so-called court medal sets (1777-80 and 1783-85), figurines of characters in the Italian popular comedy (1770-1790s.) - A plant by the beginning of the XIX century. found his own style of products, which were combined with Empire-style forms of genre pictorial motifs and decor color saturation in general (figure on the townspeople of etching in the collections of the "Magic Lantern" after 1817; cups with portraits of the heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812, sets with genre scenes, a bright floral paintings etc.). Since 1833 Dmitrov Porcelain Factory has mastered the production of porcelain tableware and in the 1840s. - Of opaque (high grade earthenware). Gardner porcelain has become a benchmark for other private Russian factories. However, in the 2nd half of XIX century. artistic level of the products of the plant deteriorates. The dominance pattern techniques of painting, the introduction of iron-on transfers (transfer printing) with reproductions of salon painting, the calculation of commercial success led to a decline in the plastic and decorative culture. Some originality retain only "east" (for Central Asia) and the "tavern" dishes with colorful paintings and festive separate exhibition products made from sketches of artists. Factory workers often were organized with the requirement to improve its exceptionally difficult situation (the first action of the workers was in 1805). Since 1905, strikes were politically motivated. During the Soviet period Dmitrov Porcelain Factory refurbished and expanded.
The team Dmitrov factory in the 30s consisted of the wizards with the traditional porcelain painting experience, skills are passed from generation to generation. As they say, taught with hands.
Art of painting on porcelain at the Dmitrov factory has undergone in the postwar years, very substantial changes. Prominent role in this was played by one of the most prominent of the older generation of artists born Konstantin G. Tikhonov Verbilok.
In the second half of the 50s in the Dmitrov factory creates sculptural works best Gorlova D., K. Popova, S.Vaynshteyn-Miss Mashurin, M. Permyak, sets E. Smirnov, O. Gunray, V. Pravikovoy. Since the early 60s throughout the half of this decade W. Olszewski Dmitrov factory creates a number of new forms of tea sets - "Dubna", "Kannelyurny", "Taiga", "Siberia", "Skiff", "Russian" "Hero", as well as a number of works for a new plant near Leningrad Slantsy.
Dmitrov Porcelain Factory products exhibited by more than 100 international exhibitions in 40 countries. Many items created by artists and craftsmen of the plant, located in the factory museum and other museums around the country and abroad. Dmitrov Porcelain Factory was awarded a gold medal at the World Exhibition in Paris (1937), a silver medal at the World Exhibition in Brussels (1958). In honor of the 200th anniversary of the plant was awarded the Red Banner of Labor (1966).
Clem: 1918-1919-s, the (red glaze)
1920, the (Green glaze)
1925-1930-s, the (red glaze)
1921.
1921-1925-s, the (Red overglaze)
1930-1950-s, the (blue, red, green)
1927-1931-s, the (red glaze)
1950-1960-s, the (gold, red, blue)
1960, the (gold, red, blue)
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Сообщение от Glasha; 94 625
As far as I know, and Konakovo Verbilki ceased to exist, or those rumors were premature?
It seems to work, practically "a social-art" do not know about it > (just kidding)
02.11.2008, 13:43
Kuznetsovsky porcelain ...
> (just kidding)
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