Ando Hiroshige (1797 -1858) the great Japanese artist ...

[Евгений]

From the history of Japanese culture

The name of the artist Hiroshige for many fans of Japanese art is synonymous with the highest skill achieved in the woodcuts. Neither before nor after the art of ukiyo-e never soared to such dizzying heights, had not received such a clear recognition both domestically and abroad.

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Hiroshige consider genius of the landscape, although the art of this master is much more multifaceted. From under his hand came out beautiful portraits of women, actors, historical figures, humorous pieces, images of birds and flowers. Along with the easel, he created a lot of engraving drawings for the fans, envelopes, playing boards, playbills. Alone efforts to illustrating books to ensure Hiroshige's fame as a great artist. Some critics believe that creativity Hiroshige was one of the most powerful incentives that influenced the formation of the European school of impressionism. So, leaf through the pages of the life and work of this genius.

There is no doubt that membership of a particular social environment, the impressions received in childhood, significantly affect the formation of the disposition of any artist. Japanese writers, poets, sculptors, graphic - not an exception to this general rule.

The future great master of ukiyo-e was born in a poor samurai. His father, Genemon Ando has held the hereditary chief of the fire brigade in the central district of the capital of Edo. Fires in cities and towns, built mostly of wood and straw, happens to often. So my father was always in charge. As a representative of the military caste of the samurai, he received for his service rice ration, allowing the family is relatively easy to make ends meet. In 1797 the family Ando was born a boy, who was given the name Tokutaro.

In the samurai families, children were taught to read and write a daily. A literacy and calligraphy, without teaching which at that time is a part of the school, helped the boy quickly master the ability to use a brush, ink, to understand the quality of the paper. In school, students were given a basis of Buddhist philosophy, the Confucian ethics. And this led to an in-depth reflection on the country's history, its culture, literature and fine arts.

Tokutaro lucky in the fact that the fire brigades father served Rinsay Okajima, an amateur painter, an ardent admirer of Kano school. In a measure of the forces he helped an inquisitive young boy learn the basics of monochrome painting. Even in those early years Tokutaro rated visual richness and potential of drawing in ink, when it's most subtle nuances convey not only the outline of the object, but also the most complex play of light and shadow, and the free space in the picture is its most important semantic component.

Traditionally, the Japanese have over the years of life not just change their names. The same happened with the son of a fireman. His childish name after his parents Tokutaro replaced Dzyuemon. He just turned 13 years old, but as the eldest son, he assumed the hereditary position in the fire brigade, and with it the responsibility for the welfare of the family. Another name, which he enjoyed in his youth, was Tokubei.

Despite frequent visits to the fire, the boy left enough time to leave no enthusiasm for drawing. Moreover, in 15 years he managed to become a disciple of famous master Utagawa school. However, Ando asked to be apprenticed to the then head of the school - Toekuni. But the boy something not liked Maître, and had to go to the students to the less eminent Toyohiro Utagawa (1773-1823). Discipleship involves copying works mentor, alternated with the drudgery of rastirke ink and paint, preparing the paper and brushes, and cleaning, subservience to the studio master and the senior students. Usually the development of skills draftsman took years, but proved himself a gifted student with the best hand, and a year later he was invited to take the exam for the title of master. In 1812, Ando received a diploma signed by the teacher, the wizard Utagawa school. Now he again had to change the name. In his work he was to sign Utagawa Hiroshige (the new name was made up of two characters, the first - Hiro - was taken from the name of the teacher and the second - Shigeo - taken from the lineage of the family Ando).

The young artist did not leave a teacher and a few years he worked in his studio, deepening their knowledge of traditions Utagawa school. Simultaneously, he gazed at the works of other masters of the Edo period. Naturally, the first work of Hiroshige basically repeated the canons of the genre bidzinga characteristic of the Utagawa school. In 1821, he released a series of engravings "Eight images of beauties in the interior and on the air." However, women's portraits, executed in those years Hiroshige, could hardly have appreciated. Perhaps the only one who had in those early works saw the talent of the future master, was the publisher Kisaburo Ivatoya. He ordered the young artist to illustrate the two novels writer Sannin Tories. This work attracted Hiroshige. In the future (1822-1824) he wrote several books and illustrated them. His early works that went beyond the school Utagawa, Hiroshige signed pseudonym Itiyusay ( "focus on the art"). In full accordance with the pseudonym Hiroshige had to abandon other forms of income. He donated his ancestral position in the fire brigade, and hence the primacy of the family Ando's uncle, however, with the condition that he return his son, the artist when he reaches adulthood.

Y Hiroshige produced a taste for easel engraving. But gradually, her characters - a geisha, the beautiful, the actors - seems to recede into the background, leaving the place of the main character landscape. Course, his interest in landscape sketches Hiroshige must resounding success of the first sheet series "Thirty-Six Views of Mount Fuji", prepared by Hokusai.

After the death of publisher Ivatoya (about 1830) Hiroshige was forced to find another patron of his work. With the new fashion in consumer demand artist had to make adjustments in their work. His main theme in this period are images of birds and flowers.

Subjects Rainer (pictures of flowers and birds) adhered to the landscape. Fundamentals of the genre already existed in medieval China. After his success in no small measure contributed to the Kano school painters. In this genre famous Koryusay, Utamaro, Masayoshi Kitao and Kitao Sigemasa. Very popular with the public use these lists because the drawings were accompanied by verses of famous poets. Appeared even some synthetic Highgate genre (poetry, paintings). It is in this field are winning the recognition of Hiroshige.

Overcoming framework Kano school, preaching the ideal canonical landscapes "mountain-water", but still not getting rid of a set of characteristic of this school receptions, Hiroshige appeals to the urban landscape. In 1831, the publisher Kawaguchi leaves a series of 10 horizontal prints "Types of Eastern capital. He captured the most famous places of Edo - the bridge Regoku, New Esivaru, Susak, etc. At that time, dense areas interspersed with fields and parks. Therefore Edo appears in this series not only their homes, streets and bridges, but also typical of rural landscapes.

It is noteworthy that their engraving of this period the artist signs all the same pseudonym Itiyusay, but with a different hieroglyphic writing, that now can be translated as focusing on the unseen.

In the spring of 1831 begins a new stage in the work of Hiroshige. He himself had designated his regular change your nickname. Now his signature Itiryusay can be interpreted as independent from the others. Obviously, this is - a claim on its own way in the world of ukiyo-e.

At this time the artist tries itself in a variety of genres. Several publishers go multisheet series of images of birds and flowers. Work on the urban landscape of Edo. But nationwide fame Hiroshige was only on the approach. And it was connected with the journey from Edo to Kyoto.

Each year as a ritual gesture of the all-powerful ruler of the Shogun sent to the imperial court in Kyoto, a gift - a white horse. This event is attaching a magnificent ceremonial. A gift to the emperor were to be accompanied by senior officials of the country. In the suite, and included representatives of the arts - poets and artists. In 1832, the right to go with a ceremonial procession was granted Hiroshige, although it is not excluded that it is - the mythological story of the biography of the artist.

Tokaido Tract, connecting the two capitals - Imperial (Kyoto) and shogun (Edo), - walking along the Pacific coast of Honshu. 488 kilometers of roads have been divided 53 stations, where they could change the porters, a snack and spend the night. Road Tokaido repeatedly elected by Japanese poets and writers as a cross-cutting theme for the series of poems and short stories. The most popular, for example, used a novel Ikku Dzippensya (1765-1831) of the amusing travels of two dodgy friends "on his own two feet on the Tokaido". Types Tokaido tried to impress on their coats and artists, including Moronobu Hisikava (? -1694). Less well-known graphic to the best of their own forces have repeatedly illustrated guides to the Tokaido detailing stations, places to sleep, eating-houses, bridges, local attractions.

Art critics still argue whether Hiroshige overcame all the way to Kyoto and back. Sketches from the first six (of Edo) stations on the way obviously made from nature. And the rest of the impression (especially with the 17-th station and more), consider other experts have been drawn, most likely because of the illustrated guides in many unreleased in those years. So it was, or otherwise, to make a definitive conclusion is difficult. Returning home, Hiroshige began working on a series of «Tokaido gojusantsugi» ( «Fifty-three stations Tokaido"). The first series of lists have been released by the publisher Hoeydo Takeuchi published back in 1831, that is, a few months before the trip. There is nothing strange, because the Tokaido highway starts from the center of Edo. Naturally, the artist could make his first sketches and even to prepare lists of the first stations, not very far away from your own home and not waiting for a trip to Kyoto. By 1834 the entire series became the property of the public. In the same year it was published by two-color album. The whole series includes 55 sheets: 53 stations and two extreme points of the route - Nihon-bashi bridge in Edo and bridge Sandzebasi in Kyoto.

The success of the series was huge. Hiroshige introduced into the landscape genre motifs that on some sheets of virtually erased the line between landscape and everyday sketches. By popularity, it competed with the masterpieces of Hokusai from the series "Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji. Increased demand for landscapes of Hiroshige has led to the artist for the subsequent years, 20 times back to the same subjects, each time making some changes, giving an image from a different angle, changing the format, etc. Therefore, the first version of the series, hereinafter referred to as professionals and amateurs as the "Big Tokaido", is quite different from the series, printed by the publisher Marusey Race in horizontal format, or from the same series of graphic sheets in a vertical format (1853). Engravings series "Fifty-three stations Tokaido" laid the foundation for national lyrical landscape.


Encouraged by the success, Hiroshige will be preparing a new landscape series. In 1834 comes a series of "Famous types of Kyoto", in the years 1834-1835 - "The eight species of the province of Omi, in the years 1834-1842 -" Sixty-nine stations Kisokaydo "(referring to a road running from Edo to Kyoto on the mountain route ), in the years 1835-1836 - "Eight kinds of Kanazawa, in the years 1878-1879 -" Eight kinds of neighborhoods of Edo ".
Source http://www.liveinternet.ru/users/artss/post85177735/

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[Евгений]

Compositional and coloristic techniques applied in Hiroshige's "One-hundred-known species of Edo", had an enormous influence on such artists as Degas, Van Gogh, James Tissot and others.

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The most typical method, and was seen from the Japanese prints directly from a series of Hiroshige's "One-hundred-known species of Edo", is unexpected slices of objects and figures of the first plan, giving a fragmented picture of the whole. It was used by French artists of all directions. Particularly widely used this technique Degas. The unusual construction of the space in the paintings of Degas recalls Japanese prints. It is known that Vincent Van Gogh copied the engraving "Plum Garden in Kameydo" and "Downpour at Ohashi Bridge" from the series "One Hundred of Edo", studying the structure and compositional devices of Japanese prints. Stressing the sources of borrowing, Van Gogh surrounds their songs in Japanese characters, copied them with sheets of other series of Hiroshige. He creates works, which uses techniques typical of Japanese prints: the high point of view, a clear division into two planes, the apparent randomness of composite construction, fragmentation. In use by European artists of the late XIX - early XX century, the motives of irises, flowering plums, chrysanthemums, waterfalls, linearity, as well as a number of other techniques, images can be found direct analogy with Japanese prints, with works Hirosige.

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Prints Ando Hiroshige

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Paintings by Vincent Van Gogh

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[Евгений]

Ivan Bilibin - in addition to Russian traditions, vividly felt and the impact of the Japanese charts. It just feels Hiroshige ...

[Meister]

surprise of № 6-7 at the Van Gogh would never have thought that this might be it. Eugene, and where you find them?
Interestingly, in parallel mezhdud works number 2 and number 7 Hiroshige Van Gogh, variant Hiroshige I like much more.

[Евгений]

Сообщение от Meister

surprised the work № 6-7 at the Van Gogh,

This well-known work, all who are interested in Impressionism, they know ..
http://www.megatavr.com/rus/articles/index.php?art=08
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Vincent in Paris (from the biography)
 

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...... In March 1886 Vincent moved to Paris, to his brother Theodore. The years spent here meant a lot to him - along with Toulouse-Lautrec and Bernard, he takes lessons in painting, Theodore introduces him to the Parisian Impressionists - Pissarro, Monet, Degas, Renoir. One of my closest friends Vincent becomes Gauguin.
      Van Gogh loved to paint the Parisian neighborhood, dark tones and pictures nuenenskogo Antwerp period was replaced trembling, seemingly careless technique of impressionism and pointillism, which made the palette of his paintings lighter.
      In Paris, Vincent became interested and Japanese art - popular in those years in Europe. He has been collecting Japanese prints, and he draws "japonaiserie" - among which are particularly known copies of works Hiroshige, Utamaro, Moronobu, Hokusai ...........
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Many impressionists were a collection of Japanese prints.
Van Gogh was no exception. He copied some engravings. At it was influenced by several artists.
- Hokusai, with its scenery and famous types of Fuji, the peasants working in the fields, landscapes of Japanese provinces,
Hiroshige, with its series of Edo and Kyoto, who had brought a modest Oboyan Province
Utamaro, with his portraits of beauties and actors
- Moronobu with loving and lyrical, and sometimes very bold and frankly shocking scenes of love.
Engraving cost is not expensive for the average Japanese, unlike this painting /the same as in Europe in the Flemish /and were very common in Japan, they were designed for mass consumer, and became first black and white, then began to hand-tint colors.
Beauties painted many yapnskie artists. They were the portraits of prostitutes from the gay neighborhoods, address and rate brothel. It was a kind of advertisement for women. Were also Distribute and "spring pictures" depicting love scenes.
Van Gogh, as well as other artists in the West, did not know. At one time he copied the engraving or writing on the manner of the Japanese, and for the beauty sketch characters. They read. It provides a price list of brothels.
In Japan at that time, these prints were not considered art, they were advertising sheets, posters for the kabuki theater, girls catalogs, advertising, "photos" actors ...
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In the Edo period Kameydo-mura was a suburb of the capital. Especially famous are enjoyed unusual plum Garyubay (Lying Dragon). The tree died after floods 13 года Meiji (1880). At the place where it grew, is a memorial stele, the inscription on which reads: "At this point in the Edo period landholder Kie MONT broke plum orchard, and called it" Umzyasiki or Seykoan ( "Fragrant, Sanctuary of Purity") . The garden became known as a place of entertainment, and contemplation of plum flowers. There was in him famous plum tree whose branches were like a dragon lying: they hung down and went into the ground, and then, at a distance, went outside, forming a new barrel ... . This engraving was destined to play a role in the history of Western painting.
Vincent Van Gogh copied her, studying graphic techniques, compositional structure and the emotional structure of ukiyo-e prints, which at that time was perceived as the most characteristic of Japanese art form.

[Сергеич]

For fans of Japanese culture.

19-21 September at the Tretyakov Gallery in Krymsky Val will host the festival of Japanese culture "way of perfection».

[Евгений]

Сообщение от Meister

option Hiroshige I like much more.

me too, the great master Ando Hiroshige was .. this Impressionists.
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Sales in SodBi:
Japanese Works of Art, Prints & Paintings
Sale: L06860|Location: London, New Bond Street
Auction Dates: Session 2: Fri, 14 Jul 06 2:30 PM
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LOT 1363.ANDO HIROSHIGE (1797-1858)
YOSHIWARA 'FROM THE SERIES TOKAIDO GOJUSANTSUGI NO UCHI (THE FIFTY-THREE STATIONS OF THE TOKAIDO ROAD) 2,000-3,000 GBP
Lot Sold. Hammer Price with Buyer's Premium: 3,600 GBP
oban, 25 by 38cm., 9 13/16 by 15in.
DESCRIPTION
censor's seal kiwame, publisher's mark of Takenouchi Magohachi (Hoeido), signed Hiroshige ga

[Meister]

Сообщение от Eugene

Ando Hiroshige ... present impressionist

but this not so agree, personally I really liked the color palette ... all impressionism did differently understood ...

[Евгений]

Meister, people believed him impressionist (I am not an art critic, art dealer may be mistaken).
Bought recently engraving: http://www.liveinternet.ru/users/artss/post84581909/
read about Ando Hiroshige, and the post turned out (about a month ago it did not know).

[Евгений]

Ando Hiroshige "Kanadehon Tyusingura" ( "A Treasury of samurai loyalty") 1836. Engravings.