Kuznetsovsky porcelain ...

[Евгений]

In Russia in the late XIX - early XX centuries, plants of the Association of production of porcelain and faience products MS Kuznetsova "in Riga, Dulevo, Novgorod, Verbilki and others were major producers of relatively inexpensive porcelain for general consumers.

Matthew Sidorovich Kuznetsov - a talented, enterprising industrialist - supplied porcelain throughout Russia. He does not simply continued the work of his father and grandfather, and led him to a new level - significantly increased the power plants inherited him by inheritance, bought new, expanded range of products, markets, successfully competing with European and Oriental porcelain manufacturers.

He founded the "family business" grandfather Matthew Sidorovich - James Kuznetsov - a village blacksmith. Peasants came to him shoe a horse, buy axis to a wagon, scythe, ax, rake ... Carriageways sometimes stopped for the night - also "paper income".

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Why not just talking evil tongues, when Jacob Kuznetsov began to put blockhouse on the river Dork, almost at the edge of the village Gzhel: robbed, they say, and killed the lodger - a wealthy merchant ... Soon the house began to drive up the carts with clay, quartz, spar: in 1810 it was already a small handicraft porcelain plant. Two years later, his son was headed by James - Terenty. Determined to expand his father's production, he built a new plant - in Dulyovo Vladimir province. In 1832, production from the sorting shop, warehouse, painting workshop was put into effect. This enterprising landlord does not stop there: not far away in the village Korotkova, was perfectly well-established porcelain manufacturing AG Safonov. His painters knew a special recipe of bright colors and ceramic porcelain mass, artfully painted products covered way - blue, pink, yellow, crimson cobalt, velvety, juicy. For finishing expensive dishes used gold, engraved agate. In the whimsical ornament "read" every detail. Terenty Kuznetsov in whatever was decided to buy this plant and did it. First, in 1851, rented, and later became its rightful owner.

Son Terenty - Sidor, taking over the reins from his father closed the proceedings Korotkova, and talented craftsmen moved its plant in Dulyovo. Prior to that, even in 1843, he founded a porcelain-faience factory in Riga, which produced the dining room and tea utensils, as well as the telegraph and telephone insulators, polufayansovye products. Skilled craftsmen came here from Gzhel - on the outskirts of Riga, near the Western Dvina, appeared the Russian countryside. Porcelain production grew, bringing considerable revenue.

His son Matthew Sidor Terent'evich from early childhood trying to instill business flair, trained him strength of character, patience, perseverance. Education Matthew got home, and in 1861 - in 15 years - by the will of my father went to Riga. Managing introduced him not only with all the wisdoms of the porcelain, but taught and to what should be the owner of production. In Riga, Matthew graduated from Commercial College, by the Government participated in the development of tariffs for rail transport and customs duties.

In 1864 came his time to lead "Kuznetsovsk case. At age 18, Matthew became the sole owner of all plants of the family Kuznetsov. However, officially he was under the tutelage of their husbands sisters to adulthood - 21 years, that has not stopped him in 19 to acquire their own family. Year by year it grew: for the heirs of Matthew Kuznetsova was eight - seven sons and one daughter.

Matthew Kuznetsov set a goal - to create a monopoly of all the private porcelain factories in Russia - and his life was to her. In the Tver province, in the village Kuznetsova (now Konakovo), there is a factory belonging to the AY Auerbach - one of the best in the country. He founded a pharmacist from Bohemia Friedrich Brynner, and in 1810 sold Auerbach - Livonian pharmacist, who brought the plant in Kuznetsova. This created the unique beauty of things - especially cutlery, decorated with garlands of flowers and leaves. The scope of the enterprise can be judged from the fact that over a travel service for the Imperial Palace in Tver work 7 thousand people! Products of a factory were awarded three gold medals at various exhibitions, twice the plant received the right to represent them at the national emblem, which was considered the highest award. In 1870, Matthew buys plant Kuznetsov AY Auerbach holds its reconstruction, the technical reconstruction, sets of three steam boilers, steam engines, nearly doubles the number of workers. With a production base and craftsmen of the highest class, the plant produces majolica, porcelain, faience, polufayans highest quality, consistently receiving awards at exhibitions and commissions from private individuals.

By the second half of the XIX century, MS Kuznetsov was the largest supplier of porcelain, earthenware, majolica and other products on the world market, had 18 enterprises in Russia Empire, among them 8 factories in Dulyovo, Kuznetsova, Budaha Kharkov province, village Elavlyanke Chernigov province, in the village of Sand Kaluga Province.

In 1889 was established by the Association of production of porcelain and faience products MS Kuznetsova "with the board in Moscow. But his boss was not going to rest on our laurels: to be left wondering famous factory Gardner - the best porcelain factory in Russia. At the end of XIX century, it suddenly began to experience financial difficulties. There were rumors that the bankrupt company "helped" Kuznetsov. Other explanation for the fact that the plant with the world-famous, not knowing the crisis, suddenly found himself in such a deplorable situation, many are not found. Anyway, in April 1892, MS Kuznetsov concluded a bargain with the last owner of the plant, Elizaveta N. Gardner, of 238 thousand and 300 acres of land. Separately for 5 thousand were bought all the factory model, forms, drawings, samples. A special treaty reaffirmed the right to a new owner to put on products, signs, invoices, and Emblem logo factory "Gardner", his awards and medals. Henceforth, the glory belonged to Gardner Kuznetsov, who became the same monopoly of the private porcelain!

"Porcelain mogul" Kuznetsov tried to compete with the Imperial Porcelain Factory. From St. Petersburg came to Dulyovo many painters, but to join the "free" painted folk artists and a strict range of classics failed. Each style was good in its own way and developed independently.

Each year, plants of the Association of MS Kuznetsova produces products to more than 7 thousand - two-thirds of total manufacturing industry in Russia. Famous not only excellent Kuznetsovsky porcelain, faience, opal dining and tea-things, and terracotta figurines, vases, beautiful tiles for stoves, painted with strict observance of the style of ancient paintings ...

Matthew Kuznetsov had 15 permanent shopping centers in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Odessa, Kharkiv, Warsaw; traded on twelve Russian fairs, as well as in Persia, Turkey and the Balkans.

The so-called "oriental goods" prevailed in the production of the Association of MS Kuznetsova "- produced by the former Gardner and Gzhel plants. On the eastern market was sold to Russia usual assortment of utensils - teapots, cups with the decor made in explanation of oriental ornaments, as well as subjects of Eastern origin - bowls, dishes for pilaf, hookahs and more. "Kashgar print" mastered the factories of the Association of MS Kuznetsova, ousted from the markets of Persia, Afghanistan, Mongolia and other Asian Porcelain from Germany, France and England.

Among the companies MS Kuznetsova was the largest Dulevo plant. By the beginning of the twentieth century worked here more than 2300 people, there were 8 kilns for baking dishes, three steam engines output 530 horsepower, 20 muffle furnaces. When the plant near Nizhniy Novgorod paved railroad production received additional benefits. Products Dulyovo considered one of the best in Europe, largely through the use of raw materials of superior quality and his special treatment. At first glance, the secret was simple: the clay during the year were stored in cellars massozagotovochnogo shop, not eating - "letovali. During this time she became plastic. Significant was the use of only dry, seasoned fuel: Use only peat extracted until July 20. The rest was considered unsuitable for the production of porcelain, because not enough time to dry it up to standard moisture. But, of course, mostly that make products of the Association of MS Kuznetsov so magnificent - was the highest qualification of masters of its plants - their talent and gold hands.

Painters Gzhel traditionally painted cobalt blue dishes, decorating her largest Rozanov, rarely - small flowers. This style of painting took over and master Dulyovo, but their "Rose" was a pinkish-purple. In 40-50-ies at the factory there are many skilled workers, engaged in painting. Name Agafia was most common among them, "earthenware" named and their pictures - touching, naive, but very vivid and bright, just glaring. Later Dulyovo appeared kind of style - "inn", too bright, eye-catching, but more decorative, resembling a beautiful toy.

Kuznetsov vigilantly traces of porcelain products in the global market, seeking to implement its factories all the latest achievement. In 1910 the French firm "Fort" has released a machine for forming cups with thick walls. Kuznetsov immediately bought the car and found in Dulyovo, and then in Gzhel. In the 80 years in Western Europe became fashionable to decorate porcelain decal way decalcomania - multi-color printing, fully simulating hand-painted. "Dekalko successfully replaced the painters. In 1900-ies in Dulyovo was established production of its own decal 900 varieties, but the colors seemed bright enough, and multi-colored decal being finalized by hand. Scenes for drawings decal resembled porcelain paintings of the first half of the XIX century: the romantic landscapes, genre scenes, bouquets of flowers in a frame stamped image with gold and other colors. Artists airbrush for overglaze painting tinted products colored background, which then glued decol with floral ornaments. Were fashionable at the time the tender colors: blue, pink, lilac, yellow.

The main buyers of products Kuznetsovsky factories in Russia were farmers market - their products cheaper and attract bright, and the townspeople, readily bought up at an average price Kuznetsovsk dishes, like a painting on an expensive "noble." Matthew Sidorovich paid much attention to the study of consumer demand. New drawings were developed at its factories in the light taste of certain customers, and take into account the emotional impact of color solutions murals. He was invited for the work of famous Russian artists. It is known that the factory Kuznetsova, albeit short-lived, worked, MA Vrubel, creating a sketch of painting decorative dishes, explanations of "Sadko.

In 1912 - to 100-anniversary of Russia's victory in the Patriotic War of 1812 - Plants of the Association of MS Kuznetsov fired plates, dinner sets, cups, dishes depicting scenes from the history of World War II, richly decorated with gold-stamped ornaments, decal for which were made in Germany.


In 1913 the factory in Dulyovo worked more than three thousand people, were produced almost 20 thousand products amounting to about 1 750 000 rubles.

"Association of MS Kuznetsova "largely due to the commercial talent of Matthew Sidorovich, his enterprise, exceptional creativity in solving business issues flourished. After participating in the Moscow Polytechnic Exhibition in 1872 and in the industrial exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod, he was right to put their products on national emblem. She grew up and world fame. One example of this - the gold medal at the World Exhibition in Paris in 1889 and 1900, "Grand Prix" at the exhibition in Reims in 1903 and Liege in 1905.

Merit to the Fatherland and the MS Society Kuznetsov was awarded orders and Stanislav Vladimir two degrees, of St. Ann and the Order of Bukhara stars, the French Cavalry Cross and the Order of the Legion of Honor. He was a member of many charitable institutions, was the vowel of the Moscow City Duma in Moscow and elective exchange companies and, of course, the best of the best in the industry had the title of "Supplier of the Court of His Imperial Majesty."