Daniel Granik

[Тютчев]

Everyone took from Tolstoy that he was at heart

Myths of the Great Lion

Nikolai Alexandrov

November 20, 1910 Leo Tolstoy died. Century without Tolstoy ... Sounds pretty lonely. Chekhov wrote: "... when the literature has a thick, it is easy and pleasant to be a writer, and even to realize that nothing has been done and not doing, not as scary as Tolstoy does for everyone." No Tolstoy, is not so easy and pleasant, and, probably, not only in literature. Disappears fulcrum.

Clearly, as contemporaries were shocked by the death of Tolstoy. But almost more than death, shook the care of Tolstoy Yasnaya Polyana. It was almost like a denial. As if the monarch resigned, came to the throne, abolished its power.

The amazing thing - the greatness of Tolstoy during the life of a writer hardly anyone doubted. It was perceived almost as a given, as an absolute fact. Tolstoy might disagree vehemently argue, but in these disputes to feel anger and irritation for some form of immutability. It felt solid understanding of their right to speak, the belief that he was speaking as the powers that be. This right is annoying, but not challenged. The dispute had a different modality: you have to say, but say not so.

Tolstoy's artistic talent, the scope of his genius is beyond doubt. But here on the audience lost in contradictions. Tolstoy - the great artist, but a bad philosopher. Tolstoy was a genius, but not smart, said Vasily Rozanov. Tolstoy - the great writer, but does not feel, does not understand history. Tolstoy is amazing how the creator, but weak as a moralist, as a religious thinker, as a social schemer.

Tolstoy himself as if these contradictions are intensified. Barin, preaching simplicity of the writer, calling to learn to write with peasant children, family man, who opposes the Family, a Christian, rebelling against the church, or a pagan, arrogate to themselves the Christian artist, he fought for music, art, and literature (and not just on some something decadent, but in most of Shakespeare), science, non-resistant, which opposes the state.

Each took from Tolstoy that he was to his liking, everyone did their myth. Some - crediting him with realism and picking each and every mask. Others - his literary genius as such. For some people it is the embodiment of the pagan attitude, as for Merezhkovski ("seer of the flesh" - as defined Tolstoy, Dmitry, a materialist who does not understand God as a person). And someone important was the social component of Tolstoy, his commitment to the people's daily life - it was because Tolstoy appeared and strengthened populism, glorifying the moral foundations of the peasant community. Others saw him as a true Christian and resented excommunication from the Church of Tolstoy. Although it would seem, is why - Tolstoy himself said he did not recognize the Orthodox dogma that builds his church.

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The genius of Tolstoy's always furnished with some reservations, some "buts". It is a monolithic figure all the time looking for some kind of handicap. In this case, Tolstoy is not so much fighting as it assigns. With it, few spoke on an equal footing. It seems only Konstantin Leontiev argued with an artistic gift Tolstoy (another thing that Tolstoy Leontiev contrasted Markiewicz - who remembers him today). But Leontief felt congenial Tolstoy.

There is no single myth - there is a mythology of Tolstoy. He is the embodiment of a number of myths. Tolstoy's mental health was opposed to "abnormal", "painful" Dostoyevsky (Michael). Thus was born the idea that early Tolstoy, Leo Tolstoy in his youth - not something that the late Tolstoy. That is, Tolstoy turned out to be not equal to yourself. Because one thing - Tolstoy's War and Peace "and another thing - Leo Tolstoy - the religious preacher. Although just look Diary to see - his messianism Tolstoy realized very early on. Doubted the sincerity of Tolstoy did not understand the impulses, the reasons for his actions. They seemed to be demonstrative, deliberately. Tolstoy's surprise attentive and constant-seed themselves, their spiritual movements in the light should, in light of what must be fulfilled. Makes a mockery of a superimposition of the rights and restrictions, self-restraint, lying to myself in the frame. Tolstoy seemed strange fear of death and his struggle with death. Amazement and called his last "hard" (in the words of Andrei Bely) - his withdrawal from the Clear Glade. As if the teacher without completing the lesson, went out of class and left pupils. Despite the fact that Tolstoy himself has long been thought not about preaching, but the silence. Withdrawal, the silence, the dissolution of the world - is not an attempt to escape from responsibility, but the other responsibilities ...

A hundred years later. Our age contributes to an understanding (or mythology) Tolstoy. Paul Basinsky a memorable date written lengthy and detailed book catchy, but more than a strange name "Escape from Paradise." This is a book-report, an attempt to approach Tolstoy to the day today. The book, copious detail, quotes, and that alone may be considered its undoubted advantage. Basinsky as if offers a look at Tolstoy's just like a person. Here it is - an old man, had upset the family, he was tired of "human glory." Here it is running. Here's how to react to the newspaper. Here's what the difficulties were en route. Do not understand ordinary, human motives. This is the kind of attempt to simplification of Tolstoy. Gorky, Tolstoy saw a pagan god (which were showing something evil, of course, as always in Gorky. And Lenin's duplicity. Wickedness and Tolstoy, too). Basinsky god turns into a tired old man. Also in general, a myth. Or antimif.

It's funny that the will of Experts Awards "Big Book" work Basinsky to be near the novel by Victor Pelevin "T", another product of the resignation of Tolstoy. However, in Pelevin Tolstoy quite different. It is rather a sign, emblem of Tolstoy. That Tolstoy, jumped off the picture. Repin. A Optin deserts, where Tolstoy goes - fenugreek. Pelevin frankly fantasmagorichen. He provides the reader with a strange but fascinating in its own game with a conditional Tolstoy (T). But who are more mythological - Fact or fiction Pelevin Basinsky, I can not judge ...

One hundred years have passed. Full academic collected works of Tolstoy has numbered one hundred volumes. Affairs, enough for another hundred years ...

* * *

Children of Tolstoy:

Helena Petrovna Konyayeva, a teacher of Russian language and literature Municipal Gymnasium N 12 the city of Belgorod, had among his pupils classwork: without preparation she invited each of them to answer the question "How do I relate to Leo Tolstoy?". "Izvestia" published excerpts from these works. Spelling and punctuation works schoolchildren saved.

sheet is not signed, 7 th grade

- I believe that Leo Tolstoy died miserably, I think that he left home to avoid his fate and God will punish him. Indeed, lung inflammation treatable disease, even in those days.

Karina, 7 th grade

- I like his work Mumu, Caucasian plenitsa, war and peace, sevostopolskie stories.

Ayan, Grade 9

- His work "The Lion and the dog" is very touching and sad. Perhaps he saw himself in the role of Leo himself - kind, gentle, loving, but at the same time, aggressive, evil and savage.

Sonia, 7 th grade

- At home I have his book but no one reads.

Arina, 8 th grade

- Tolstoy lived in a big mansion, "Green fields", where he died.

Nikita, 7 th grade

- I'm an early age from his grandmother knew Tolstoy a little bit crazy because he wrote his Gospel.

Maria, Grade 9

- Tolstoy's too much description, it is a bit boring. I remember in the novel "Anna Karenina" was the description of a forest on the entire page!

Alexander, Grade 9

- His life was interesting, but the work is not very much.

* * *

Tolstoy about yourself:

"I believe in one, incomprehensible, good God, the immortality of the soul and the eternal reward of our deeds. I do not understand the mysteries of the Trinity and the birth of the Son of God, but I respect and do not reject the faith of my fathers." (1852)

"Talk about the deity and faith led me to a great, huge idea, the implementation of which I feel able to dedicate his life. This thought - the base of a new religion corresponding to the development of mankind, the religion of Christ, but cleared of faith and mystery, religion, practical, not promising future bliss but giving bliss on earth. to bring this idea into execution, I understand, can only generation, consciously working towards this goal. One generation will leave this thought the next one, and someday fanaticism or the mind will bring her out. To act consciously to seduce men of religion - that's the basis of thought, which I hope will entice me. " (1855)

"Oh, if only to answer when asked, and be silent, silent. If there was no contradiction to write about the need for silence, to write something like now: I can be silent. I can not remain silent." (1909)

"I roll, Kachus the hill of death and barely feel the strength to stop. I do not want to die, I want to love and immortality. No need to choose. The choice made long ago. Literature - art, education and family. Incoherence, timidity, laziness, weakness - these are my enemies. " (1862)

"I will cleanse the soul. Net and get to the mainland - I sense an opportunity to live for good, without the glory of man. Help me, Father." Father, help me. I know that no face of his father. But this form is characterized by the expression of passionate desire. " (1891)

"To me all the evils in the highest degree: and envy and greed and avarice, and voluptuous, and the vanity and ambition, and pride, and anger. No, no malice, but there is anger, mendacity and hypocrisy. All, all are - and a far greater extent than most people. One of my salvation - I know this struggle all his life fighting. " (1905)

* * *

The contemporaries of Tolstoy:

Konstantin Leontiev

"Tolstoy loves to humiliate his characters, he wants to see their ridiculous, even when they themselves want to be the only serious. A strange consequence follows from this: dangling, plucked his creator, in front of us overlook people as God created them, and if we all still find in them some traits of high and heroic, then it is true heroism, true. "

George Florovsky

"There is a striking discrepancy between aggressive maximalism socio-ethical conviction and denial of Tolstoy and the extreme poverty of its positive moral teaching. All morality comes from him for common sense and worldly wisdom." Christ teaches us exactly how we get rid of our troubles and live happily. "And that is what the whole Gospel" Here Tolstoy insensibility becomes creepy and "common sense" turns into madness ... "

Berdyaev

"Leo Tolstoy, as no one ever again, eager to fulfill before the end of the will of the Father. His whole life was tormented by his devouring hunger to fulfill the law of life the Master, who sent it to life. (He had a tremendous sense of guilt and a tremendous thirst for truth.) Execution of such a thirst commandments (moral) law, no one can find, except Tolstoy. It is most important, fundamental. "

Dmitry Merezhkovsky

"He did himself - for the most people" spiritual "nor Gentile, neither the Christian to the end and always raised, appealing and who can not be resurrected and converted to Christianity, poluyazychnik, poluhristianin.

Vladimir Lenin

"... Any attempt to idealize the teachings of Tolstoy, excuse or mitigate his" neprotivlenstva, it appeals to the "Spirit," his appeals to "moral self-improvement," his doctrine of "conscience" and universal "love" of his preaching asceticism and quietism and etc. brings the most immediate and most profound harm. "

11:45 19.11.10http://www.izvestia.ru/culture/article3148568/