Russian Art - Форум по искусству и инвестициям в искусство

Dogel · 09.11.2010, 17:51

The history of Russian art reflects the turbulent history of the country and its geographical position between East and West. Constantly having discussions about its nature: whether it is a kind of incarnation of the Western European tradition, or a completely original phenomenon. Despite frequent political changes and recurring doubts about national identity, the Russian artistic creativity has a number of distinctive features, such as bright colors, asymmetry of the forms and the tendency is toward realism, then to abstraction.
In the Middle Ages, when the center of political life in Old Russia was Kiev, a role model in the arts and the source of many artistic influences was Byzantium. Tatar-Mongol invasion in the mid-13 century. and the subsequent period of Mongol-Tatar yoke cut off Russia from the West nearly 200 years. Independence in the 15 century. under the leadership of the Moscow princes did not end the cultural isolation of Russia, and she has not experienced the influence of Renaissance culture and secular humanism. Only during the reign of Peter I (1682-1725) and through its policy of rapprochement with the West, Russia has returned to the fold of European culture - first as a student, then an equal participant general cultural process, and on the eve of World War I - an active innovator in the art. At the beginning of 1930 Russia has again been cut off from the West, when Stalin imposed a regime of isolation, to build "socialism in one country." The collapse of the Soviet Union and the collapse of communism as a system in 1991 gave the Russian artists an incentive to reassess values and find their place in the new political, economic and cultural situation.

Ancient Art. In 988 Kievan Rus' adopted Christianity in the eastern Byzantine form. Along with the religion of Russia inherited from Byzantium and artistic traditions, one of which was decoration of churches with paintings and icons. The word "icon" comes from the Greek eikon (image). The icon is a mediator between the real world and the divine archetype. Painting style has changed during the centuries, but the artistic traditions of icon-painting survived to the present.

Читать дальше...

Using the methods of styling and bright, elegant color, characteristic of medieval religious art, have influenced the work of many artists of the late 19 - early 20 century. In churches, icons were placed on the walls, pillars and altar barrier. In the 14-15 centuries. low altar barrier into a high iconostasis, separating the congregation from the altar. The iconostasis was organized strictly hierarchical system of sacred images in which the icon depicting Christ, the Virgin Mary, apostles, saints and feasts are arranged in rows in a certain order. Icons are often decorated with salaries of silver, gold and precious stones, which could close the icon almost entirely, leaving only the visible faces. Initially, master painters invited from abroad (mostly from Greece), and sometimes brought themselves icon. Icon of Our Lady of Vladimir, imported from Byzantium in the first half of the 12 century., Became the model for a large number of Russian listings. Preserved very little pre-Mongolian Russian icons, they are all more or less follow the style of Byzantine iconography and designs. Mosaics at the Kiev Cathedral of St. Sophia (founded in 1037) were also made by Byzantine craftsmen. In the big temples of other cities, is located north of Kiev, mosaics did. Thus, the Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod (1045-1050) was decorated with much less costly frescoes. In 1240 the Mongol invasion devastated Kiev and other Russian cities and has made it almost impossible contacts with Byzantium. The almost complete absence of external cultural influences contributed to the development of regional schools of painting, among which stand out Moscow, Novgorod and Pskov. Since the late 14 century. Muscovy gained political dominance over other Russian lands, united them under his headship, and Moscow has become the cultural center of the unified Russian state. Worked here three great masters of ancient art: Theophanes the Greek (c. 1340 - after 1405), Andrei Rublev (1360/1370 - mind. 1427/1430) and Dionysius (c. 1440 - after 1502/1503), whose icons and frescoes were embodiment of the Russian soil the ideas of spiritual ascent and union with God through rejection of all external and bustling and finding inner peace. In 1551, the Hundred Chapters Council established strict canons, which were to follow when creating the icon painters of holy images. In 17. in iconography penetrate the influence of Western European painting, which is reflected in the icons, made by Simon Ushakov (1626-1686), and complex miniature, like jewelry, works of painters Stroganov School. At the same time began to appear first portrait, called parsuna (from the word "person").

The penetration of Western influences. After the accession of Peter I in 1682 religious paintings not lost its significance for the spiritual life, but thanks to a new cultural policy of the state of art were the predominance of secular subjects and artistic techniques that came from the West . Again, teachers and masters have come to Russia from abroad, but this time from Western Europe (at first mostly from Germany and Holland). Before Peter I was also quite a challenge changing tastes of the public, through their introduction to the cultural heritage of Europe. Some of his actions, whose purpose was, of course, educating people, might seem shocking to contemporaries, if not downright unfair. In a country never known ancient culture, where people for more than six centuries saw only images of religious art, the public's imagination was just amazed decoration of the Summer Garden with statues of half-naked nymphs. Peter brought from Europe, Rembrandt and other old masters, laying the foundation of the most valuable collections of the Hermitage.
The greatest Russian artists of 18 century. - Fyodor Roars (1735? -1808), Dmitry Levitsky (1735-1822) and Vladimir Borovikovsky (1757-1825). Portraits Levitsky and Borovikovsky can be seen in the mainstream of European portrait painting 18. They are close by T. Gainsborough, and J. Reynolds. These artists were connected with the Imperial Academy of Arts, which was conceived by Peter I, but only founded in 1757. Organised by European standards, the Academy of Fine Arts exercise greater control and may have greater influence on the development of art (until the end of 19.) Than the institution of this kind in other countries. Orest Kiprenskiy (1782-1836) and Karl Bryullov (1799-1852) - the largest masters of Russian art in the first half of 1919. Bryullov was the first Russian artists who won fame abroad. His painting The Last Day of Pompeii (1834) has been shown throughout Europe. Over time, in Russia there were new art schools, so, in 1833 was founded the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. The first half of 19. - While adding in Russian painting of genres. Alexei Venetsianov (1780-1847), a student Borovikovsky, is the author of idyllic scenes of peasant life, and one of the founders of the genre in Russian art. Basil Tropinin (1776-1857) can be called a master of sentimental portrait, while Pavel Fedotov (1815-1852) represents the genre in his city, more dramatic version. Alexander Ivanov (1806-1858) created the painting The Appearance of Christ to the people (1837-1857), which is one of the key monuments of Russian art in 1919.

Russian realism. In the painting of the second half of the 19. prevailed realistic direction. Character of Russian realism identified published in 1863 from the Academy of Fine Arts young artists who rebelled against implanted in the academy of classical style and historical and mythological themes. These artists in 1870 organized the Association of Traveling Exhibition, whose task was to provide members of the partnership opportunities to exhibit their work. Through his work of art made available to a wider range of people. Pavel Tretyakov (1832-1898) in 1856 collected works of Russian artists, mainly the Wanderers, and in 1892 transferred his collection of paintings together with a collection of his brother Sergei Tretyakov in Moscow gift. Wanderers have worked in several genres (domestic, portrait, landscape and historical genre). In landscape painting the main trend has been chanting the beauty of Russian nature. Among the Wanderers, who worked in the genre of landscape, the most famous Ivan Shishkin (1832-1898), AIKuindzhi (1842-1910), Vasily Polenov (1844-1927), I. Levitan (1860 -1900). In the portrait genre Wanderers created a gallery of prominent cultural figures of his time: a portrait of Fyodor Dostoyevsky (1872) Brush Vasily Perov (1833-1882), a portrait of Nikolai Nekrasov (1877-1878) Ivan Archaeology (1837-1887), a portrait of Modest Mussorgsky (1881) performed by Ilya Repin (1844-1930), portrait of Leo Tolstoy (1884) Nikolai Ge (1831-1894) and several others. In opposition to the Academy and its ongoing artistic policy, Wanderers turned to the so-called "Low" subjects, in their writings appear images of peasants and workers. In the genre of historical painting worked Vasily Surikov (1848-1916), Mikhail Nesterov (1862-1942), Vasily Vereshchagin (1842-1904), Ilya Repin.

Art and Revolution. For 1890 years there has been a crisis of the realistic school in art. The turn of 19-20 centuries. was marked in the Russian domination of Art Nouveau. This artistic movement that existed under different names in almost all European countries, most clearly manifested in the works of architecture and decorative arts. Mikhail Vrubel (1856-1910) is one of the representatives of the Art Nouveau style in Russian painting. Through the activities of Serge Diaghilev (1872-1929) and Alexander Benois (1870-1960) to organize art exhibitions and publishing the magazine "World of Art" (published in 1898) the Russian public had the opportunity to get acquainted with new trends in foreign art. In 1906 was the first exhibition of Russian art in Paris, and starting from 1909 there were held annually Russian ballet seasons. The authors of the scenery and costumes for these performances were Leon Bakst (1866-1924) and Nicholas Roerich (1874-1947). On the eve of World War I, Russian art has appeared a number of artistic groups of speakers with different theoretical programs. Natalia Goncharova (1881-1962) and Mikhail Larionov (1881-1964) became the founder of Russian primitivism, and in 1912 - "Rayonism. In 1910 Vasily Kandinsky (1866-1944) wrote his first abstract composition, Vladimir Tatlin (1885-1953) around 1913 began to create three-dimensional abstract constructions and spatial profile; Kazimir Malevich (1878-1935) in 1915 formulated the concept of Suprematism. Creative pursuits got a second wind and new energy after the 1917 revolution. Some artists emigrated, including Goncharova and Larionov, but most workers were the vanguard of the revolution and played a prominent role in the "Cultural Revolution". Art was seen as a powerful means of propaganda and a significant factor in shaping the new society. Imperial Academy of Arts has been replaced by a decentralized system of autonomous institutions and theoretical workshops. Kandinsky headed the Institute of Artistic Culture (INKhuK) Marc Chagall (1887-1985) and Malevich created the Experimental School of Art in Vitebsk, in which is based on the theory of Malevich's Suprematism. Significant role in creating Russian avant-garde played a woman - Varvara Stepanova (1899-1958), Lyubov Popova (1889-1924) and Olga Rozanova (1886-1918). Art took to the streets, the artists drew posters and decorations for the area for mass political campaigns and parties, have developed a new textile design, ceramics, interiors, and on the 1920 bloom occurred graphics and book illustration. Alexander Rodchenko (1891-1956) worked in various fields, he was a painter, cinematographer, designer furniture. To understand how different styles coexisted in painting 1920, it is enough to recall such names as Paul Filonov (1883-1941), Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin (1878-1939), Alexander Deineka (1899-1969). However, some artists such as Isaac Brodsky (1884-1939), returned to traditional realism. Various art organizations and styles existed only until the end of 1920. In the current political situation, the state is gradually becoming an absolute monopoly on the order of art and finance.

Socialist realism and its consequences. Resolution of the CPSU (B) of 23 April 1932 put an end to pluralism, artistic directions. All art associations were dissolved, instead of them entered the union and the republican form trade unions of writers, artists and composers. In 1934, socialist realism, whose essence is defined as "a true and historically correct picture of reality in its revolutionary development", was proclaimed the official style of Soviet art. Product Wanderers 19. was strongly "encouraged" to take over a role model. Many artists have become victims of political repression, because their creative concepts do not fit into the narrow confines of state ideology. The museums have dropped considerably exhibitions devoted to Western art in 1920. To exercise control over education, has been restored Academy of Arts. Censorship is provided in the right direction of development of art history and criticism. An example of formal partisan art can serve as a picture of Alexander Gerasimov (1881-1963), Stalin and Voroshilov in the Kremlin. During the Khrushchev "thaw" along with those who continued to celebrate the achievements of Soviet industry, bumper harvests and the leaders of manufacture, there was a whole galaxy of artists who turn to the personal and universal themes. Some avant-garde works of 1920, are banned, began to appear in the halls of museums. Censorship has been weakened, the individual artists and trends in the art of the past were rehabilitated. Soviet Union became more open to the rest of the world community. In 1957, during the International Youth Festival, and in 1959, the first American exhibition in Moscow was shown a new, previously unknown art. As a result of greater creative freedom came flourishing unofficial art that existed in parallel with the state order. Years in power, Leonid Brezhnev (1964-1982) were associated with economic stagnation and the continuation of policies of state control over art. The exhibition, organized under the open sky nonconformist artists in Moscow in autumn 1974, was swept away by bulldozers, and after that some of the biggest masters of modern art, including Unknown sculptor Ernst (b. 1926), decided to emigrate. True pluralism in art came only with the coming to power of Mikhail Gorbachev (1985-1991). His attempt to revitalize socialism with glasnost and perestroika brought freedom of artistic creativity and penetrated the Iron Curtain. Together with reforms aimed at creating a free market, ended the era of state control in the sphere of art. Starting with solo exhibitions of Malevich and Filonov, held in 1988, museums have become gradually get out of their vaults works are banned in the early 1930's. No control over censorship, began to publish articles and art publications devoted to the cultural life of Russia in 1920. and the first years of the revolution. Held in July 1988 in Moscow, the international auction of Russian art in 1920. under the auspices of the Ministry of Culture of the Soviet Union ended the era of state monopoly in the field of culture.

After the collapse of the USSR in 1991 and the collapse of communism in front of the Russian artists new opportunities. State control over the teaching of arts in schools, on professional education and ideological content has given way to complete freedom of association and creative expression. Appeared artistic groups and private art galleries, many of whom enjoy sponsorship from banks and commercial enterprises. As for style, in art you can find everything: from the neo-primitivism and stylized folk crafts to surrealism and abstract art. Fundamental change in the value system led to a deep crisis in people's minds. Many are now occupied by the question, do not distort a new spirit of commerce is a high calling, in which cultural and political life of Russia has always claimed art.

REFERENCES
IE Grabar (Ed.), History of Russian Art, vols. 1-13. M., 1953-1969

http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_colier/1216/РУССКОЕ

dedulya37 · 09.11.2010, 23:57

Цитата:

Сообщение от Dogel

Many people now question is, do not distort a new spirit of commerce is a high calling, in which cultural and political life of Russia has always claimed art.

Distort one.

Самвел · 10.11.2010, 00:05

This question is now, as we like to talk on the forum, not in the subject.
Because already iskazheno.Segodnya relevant is another question.
Is it possible to converse?

Dogel · 10.11.2010, 10:40

Цитата:

Сообщение от dedulya37

distort one.

dedulya37, agree with you, even Korobov, even as the Korobov. . .

Цитата:

Сообщение от Samvel

This issue is now, as we like to talk on the forum, not in the subject. Because already iskazheno.Segodnya relevant is another question. Is it possible to reverse?

Samvel, Maybe! but not today .... but since the year 2020, we'll see. . .

09.11.2010, 17:51	Язык оригинала: Русский #1
Dogel Гуру Регистрация: 25.12.2009 Адрес: Нижний Новгород Сообщений: 1,906 Спасибо: 1,985 Поблагодарили 2,050 раз(а) в 685 сообщениях Записей в дневнике: 1 Репутация: 4080	Russian Art The history of Russian art reflects the turbulent history of the country and its geographical position between East and West. Constantly having discussions about its nature: whether it is a kind of incarnation of the Western European tradition, or a completely original phenomenon. Despite frequent political changes and recurring doubts about national identity, the Russian artistic creativity has a number of distinctive features, such as bright colors, asymmetry of the forms and the tendency is toward realism, then to abstraction. In the Middle Ages, when the center of political life in Old Russia was Kiev, a role model in the arts and the source of many artistic influences was Byzantium. Tatar-Mongol invasion in the mid-13 century. and the subsequent period of Mongol-Tatar yoke cut off Russia from the West nearly 200 years. Independence in the 15 century. under the leadership of the Moscow princes did not end the cultural isolation of Russia, and she has not experienced the influence of Renaissance culture and secular humanism. Only during the reign of Peter I (1682-1725) and through its policy of rapprochement with the West, Russia has returned to the fold of European culture - first as a student, then an equal participant general cultural process, and on the eve of World War I - an active innovator in the art. At the beginning of 1930 Russia has again been cut off from the West, when Stalin imposed a regime of isolation, to build "socialism in one country." The collapse of the Soviet Union and the collapse of communism as a system in 1991 gave the Russian artists an incentive to reassess values and find their place in the new political, economic and cultural situation. Ancient Art. In 988 Kievan Rus' adopted Christianity in the eastern Byzantine form. Along with the religion of Russia inherited from Byzantium and artistic traditions, one of which was decoration of churches with paintings and icons. The word "icon" comes from the Greek eikon (image). The icon is a mediator between the real world and the divine archetype. Painting style has changed during the centuries, but the artistic traditions of icon-painting survived to the present. Читать дальше... Using the methods of styling and bright, elegant color, characteristic of medieval religious art, have influenced the work of many artists of the late 19 - early 20 century. In churches, icons were placed on the walls, pillars and altar barrier. In the 14-15 centuries. low altar barrier into a high iconostasis, separating the congregation from the altar. The iconostasis was organized strictly hierarchical system of sacred images in which the icon depicting Christ, the Virgin Mary, apostles, saints and feasts are arranged in rows in a certain order. Icons are often decorated with salaries of silver, gold and precious stones, which could close the icon almost entirely, leaving only the visible faces. Initially, master painters invited from abroad (mostly from Greece), and sometimes brought themselves icon. Icon of Our Lady of Vladimir, imported from Byzantium in the first half of the 12 century., Became the model for a large number of Russian listings. Preserved very little pre-Mongolian Russian icons, they are all more or less follow the style of Byzantine iconography and designs. Mosaics at the Kiev Cathedral of St. Sophia (founded in 1037) were also made by Byzantine craftsmen. In the big temples of other cities, is located north of Kiev, mosaics did. Thus, the Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod (1045-1050) was decorated with much less costly frescoes. In 1240 the Mongol invasion devastated Kiev and other Russian cities and has made it almost impossible contacts with Byzantium. The almost complete absence of external cultural influences contributed to the development of regional schools of painting, among which stand out Moscow, Novgorod and Pskov. Since the late 14 century. Muscovy gained political dominance over other Russian lands, united them under his headship, and Moscow has become the cultural center of the unified Russian state. Worked here three great masters of ancient art: Theophanes the Greek (c. 1340 - after 1405), Andrei Rublev (1360/1370 - mind. 1427/1430) and Dionysius (c. 1440 - after 1502/1503), whose icons and frescoes were embodiment of the Russian soil the ideas of spiritual ascent and union with God through rejection of all external and bustling and finding inner peace. In 1551, the Hundred Chapters Council established strict canons, which were to follow when creating the icon painters of holy images. In 17. in iconography penetrate the influence of Western European painting, which is reflected in the icons, made by Simon Ushakov (1626-1686), and complex miniature, like jewelry, works of painters Stroganov School. At the same time began to appear first portrait, called parsuna (from the word "person"). The penetration of Western influences. After the accession of Peter I in 1682 religious paintings not lost its significance for the spiritual life, but thanks to a new cultural policy of the state of art were the predominance of secular subjects and artistic techniques that came from the West . Again, teachers and masters have come to Russia from abroad, but this time from Western Europe (at first mostly from Germany and Holland). Before Peter I was also quite a challenge changing tastes of the public, through their introduction to the cultural heritage of Europe. Some of his actions, whose purpose was, of course, educating people, might seem shocking to contemporaries, if not downright unfair. In a country never known ancient culture, where people for more than six centuries saw only images of religious art, the public's imagination was just amazed decoration of the Summer Garden with statues of half-naked nymphs. Peter brought from Europe, Rembrandt and other old masters, laying the foundation of the most valuable collections of the Hermitage. The greatest Russian artists of 18 century. - Fyodor Roars (1735? -1808), Dmitry Levitsky (1735-1822) and Vladimir Borovikovsky (1757-1825). Portraits Levitsky and Borovikovsky can be seen in the mainstream of European portrait painting 18. They are close by T. Gainsborough, and J. Reynolds. These artists were connected with the Imperial Academy of Arts, which was conceived by Peter I, but only founded in 1757. Organised by European standards, the Academy of Fine Arts exercise greater control and may have greater influence on the development of art (until the end of 19.) Than the institution of this kind in other countries. Orest Kiprenskiy (1782-1836) and Karl Bryullov (1799-1852) - the largest masters of Russian art in the first half of 1919. Bryullov was the first Russian artists who won fame abroad. His painting The Last Day of Pompeii (1834) has been shown throughout Europe. Over time, in Russia there were new art schools, so, in 1833 was founded the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. The first half of 19. - While adding in Russian painting of genres. Alexei Venetsianov (1780-1847), a student Borovikovsky, is the author of idyllic scenes of peasant life, and one of the founders of the genre in Russian art. Basil Tropinin (1776-1857) can be called a master of sentimental portrait, while Pavel Fedotov (1815-1852) represents the genre in his city, more dramatic version. Alexander Ivanov (1806-1858) created the painting The Appearance of Christ to the people (1837-1857), which is one of the key monuments of Russian art in 1919. Russian realism. In the painting of the second half of the 19. prevailed realistic direction. Character of Russian realism identified published in 1863 from the Academy of Fine Arts young artists who rebelled against implanted in the academy of classical style and historical and mythological themes. These artists in 1870 organized the Association of Traveling Exhibition, whose task was to provide members of the partnership opportunities to exhibit their work. Through his work of art made available to a wider range of people. Pavel Tretyakov (1832-1898) in 1856 collected works of Russian artists, mainly the Wanderers, and in 1892 transferred his collection of paintings together with a collection of his brother Sergei Tretyakov in Moscow gift. Wanderers have worked in several genres (domestic, portrait, landscape and historical genre). In landscape painting the main trend has been chanting the beauty of Russian nature. Among the Wanderers, who worked in the genre of landscape, the most famous Ivan Shishkin (1832-1898), AIKuindzhi (1842-1910), Vasily Polenov (1844-1927), I. Levitan (1860 -1900). In the portrait genre Wanderers created a gallery of prominent cultural figures of his time: a portrait of Fyodor Dostoyevsky (1872) Brush Vasily Perov (1833-1882), a portrait of Nikolai Nekrasov (1877-1878) Ivan Archaeology (1837-1887), a portrait of Modest Mussorgsky (1881) performed by Ilya Repin (1844-1930), portrait of Leo Tolstoy (1884) Nikolai Ge (1831-1894) and several others. In opposition to the Academy and its ongoing artistic policy, Wanderers turned to the so-called "Low" subjects, in their writings appear images of peasants and workers. In the genre of historical painting worked Vasily Surikov (1848-1916), Mikhail Nesterov (1862-1942), Vasily Vereshchagin (1842-1904), Ilya Repin. Art and Revolution. For 1890 years there has been a crisis of the realistic school in art. The turn of 19-20 centuries. was marked in the Russian domination of Art Nouveau. This artistic movement that existed under different names in almost all European countries, most clearly manifested in the works of architecture and decorative arts. Mikhail Vrubel (1856-1910) is one of the representatives of the Art Nouveau style in Russian painting. Through the activities of Serge Diaghilev (1872-1929) and Alexander Benois (1870-1960) to organize art exhibitions and publishing the magazine "World of Art" (published in 1898) the Russian public had the opportunity to get acquainted with new trends in foreign art. In 1906 was the first exhibition of Russian art in Paris, and starting from 1909 there were held annually Russian ballet seasons. The authors of the scenery and costumes for these performances were Leon Bakst (1866-1924) and Nicholas Roerich (1874-1947). On the eve of World War I, Russian art has appeared a number of artistic groups of speakers with different theoretical programs. Natalia Goncharova (1881-1962) and Mikhail Larionov (1881-1964) became the founder of Russian primitivism, and in 1912 - "Rayonism. In 1910 Vasily Kandinsky (1866-1944) wrote his first abstract composition, Vladimir Tatlin (1885-1953) around 1913 began to create three-dimensional abstract constructions and spatial profile; Kazimir Malevich (1878-1935) in 1915 formulated the concept of Suprematism. Creative pursuits got a second wind and new energy after the 1917 revolution. Some artists emigrated, including Goncharova and Larionov, but most workers were the vanguard of the revolution and played a prominent role in the "Cultural Revolution". Art was seen as a powerful means of propaganda and a significant factor in shaping the new society. Imperial Academy of Arts has been replaced by a decentralized system of autonomous institutions and theoretical workshops. Kandinsky headed the Institute of Artistic Culture (INKhuK) Marc Chagall (1887-1985) and Malevich created the Experimental School of Art in Vitebsk, in which is based on the theory of Malevich's Suprematism. Significant role in creating Russian avant-garde played a woman - Varvara Stepanova (1899-1958), Lyubov Popova (1889-1924) and Olga Rozanova (1886-1918). Art took to the streets, the artists drew posters and decorations for the area for mass political campaigns and parties, have developed a new textile design, ceramics, interiors, and on the 1920 bloom occurred graphics and book illustration. Alexander Rodchenko (1891-1956) worked in various fields, he was a painter, cinematographer, designer furniture. To understand how different styles coexisted in painting 1920, it is enough to recall such names as Paul Filonov (1883-1941), Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin (1878-1939), Alexander Deineka (1899-1969). However, some artists such as Isaac Brodsky (1884-1939), returned to traditional realism. Various art organizations and styles existed only until the end of 1920. In the current political situation, the state is gradually becoming an absolute monopoly on the order of art and finance. Socialist realism and its consequences. Resolution of the CPSU (B) of 23 April 1932 put an end to pluralism, artistic directions. All art associations were dissolved, instead of them entered the union and the republican form trade unions of writers, artists and composers. In 1934, socialist realism, whose essence is defined as "a true and historically correct picture of reality in its revolutionary development", was proclaimed the official style of Soviet art. Product Wanderers 19. was strongly "encouraged" to take over a role model. Many artists have become victims of political repression, because their creative concepts do not fit into the narrow confines of state ideology. The museums have dropped considerably exhibitions devoted to Western art in 1920. To exercise control over education, has been restored Academy of Arts. Censorship is provided in the right direction of development of art history and criticism. An example of formal partisan art can serve as a picture of Alexander Gerasimov (1881-1963), Stalin and Voroshilov in the Kremlin. During the Khrushchev "thaw" along with those who continued to celebrate the achievements of Soviet industry, bumper harvests and the leaders of manufacture, there was a whole galaxy of artists who turn to the personal and universal themes. Some avant-garde works of 1920, are banned, began to appear in the halls of museums. Censorship has been weakened, the individual artists and trends in the art of the past were rehabilitated. Soviet Union became more open to the rest of the world community. In 1957, during the International Youth Festival, and in 1959, the first American exhibition in Moscow was shown a new, previously unknown art. As a result of greater creative freedom came flourishing unofficial art that existed in parallel with the state order. Years in power, Leonid Brezhnev (1964-1982) were associated with economic stagnation and the continuation of policies of state control over art. The exhibition, organized under the open sky nonconformist artists in Moscow in autumn 1974, was swept away by bulldozers, and after that some of the biggest masters of modern art, including Unknown sculptor Ernst (b. 1926), decided to emigrate. True pluralism in art came only with the coming to power of Mikhail Gorbachev (1985-1991). His attempt to revitalize socialism with glasnost and perestroika brought freedom of artistic creativity and penetrated the Iron Curtain. Together with reforms aimed at creating a free market, ended the era of state control in the sphere of art. Starting with solo exhibitions of Malevich and Filonov, held in 1988, museums have become gradually get out of their vaults works are banned in the early 1930's. No control over censorship, began to publish articles and art publications devoted to the cultural life of Russia in 1920. and the first years of the revolution. Held in July 1988 in Moscow, the international auction of Russian art in 1920. under the auspices of the Ministry of Culture of the Soviet Union ended the era of state monopoly in the field of culture. After the collapse of the USSR in 1991 and the collapse of communism in front of the Russian artists new opportunities. State control over the teaching of arts in schools, on professional education and ideological content has given way to complete freedom of association and creative expression. Appeared artistic groups and private art galleries, many of whom enjoy sponsorship from banks and commercial enterprises. As for style, in art you can find everything: from the neo-primitivism and stylized folk crafts to surrealism and abstract art. Fundamental change in the value system led to a deep crisis in people's minds. Many are now occupied by the question, do not distort a new spirit of commerce is a high calling, in which cultural and political life of Russia has always claimed art. REFERENCES IE Grabar (Ed.), History of Russian Art, vols. 1-13. M., 1953-1969 http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_colier/1216/РУССКОЕ __________________ С уважением, Dogel Картины в наличии - дилерские цены Каталог и стоимость по ссылке Telegram t.me/dogelgallery Вконтакте vk.com/dogel_gallery Нижний Новгород ул. Минина, д. 2 +7 (950) 609 7 609 dogel@mail.ru Последний раз редактировалось Dogel; 09.11.2010 в 17:54. Причина: для поисковых систем, хороший текст ;)

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Alex Lachmann about Russian art	Vladimir	Artists, artworks, art history	2	18.06.2008 16:30

10.11.2010, 00:05	Язык оригинала: Русский #3
Самвел Гуру Регистрация: 27.08.2008 Адрес: Москва-Шуши. Сообщений: 4,525 Спасибо: 4,920 Поблагодарили 5,759 раз(а) в 1,470 сообщениях Записей в дневнике: 2 Репутация: 10306	This question is now, as we like to talk on the forum, not in the subject. Because already iskazheno.Segodnya relevant is another question. Is it possible to converse?