Artists suicide. The tragic icon.

[Santa]

Artists suicide. The tragic icon.

Elvira Tarnogradskaya
"Art is always, without ceasing, busy with two things. It reflects on the death relentlessly and persistently creates this life."

Is it possible to understand this paradox, formulated by Pasternak? Before you 5 great artists who have decided to voluntarily withdraw from life.

In 1942, André Breton, poet and theorist of Surrealism, warning the young artists, said that "it is impossible to take the path of art, without risking their own lives on the edge of the road there is no protective fencing, and every artist goes in search of the Golden Fleece alone ". It is known that people of creative professions are at particular risk of suicide because of nudity nerves and inseparable connection of genius and insanity. But until the late 19th century, suicide among the artists have occurred much less frequently than among writers or philosophers. Perhaps the reason for this lies in the fact that, unlike the masters of the word, dealing primarily with the ideas, the artists have always been more focused on the sensual world of Physics. Modernism has changed this situation: modern artists, beginning with the impressionists and ending with the representatives of Abstract Expressionism, were preoccupied with finding new forms of artistic style and revolution. This search was directed, not subject to the material, and, above all, to abstraction, to the idea. On the way to an inscrutable lives perished many prominent artists.

Paintings after his death became a kind of final point and turn in "heritage" that determines, ultimately, the global significance of his work. In the last pictures of the author, who left voluntarily this world, always looking grim warnings or encrypted messages, some concluding remarks. Speaking of recognition, the tragic death will undoubtedly attract the audience. In this sense the proclamation of mourning is a prelude to the mythologizing. Paintings of suicide after the death are very much appreciated, and their biographies are transformed into a beautiful legend. Here are some of them.

fool

The fate of Vincent Willem van Gogh (1853-1890), Dutch Post-Impressionist painter, continues to be a textbook example of unrecognized genius of life. His fits of madness, poverty, exclusion, an amazing resilience in the difficult and mercy for others to create a romantic image of "artist, samoubitogo society." It was so named in his caustic essay by Van Gogh, another great madman Antonin Artaud, denouncing the vulgar world, destroying genius.

Despite the impressive bibliography of the artist's life, many well-known facts about him are only predictions. Starting with the fact, scientists are still arguing about the authenticity of some of his work, ending that did not survive a single adult photos of Van Gogh, whose authenticity would be proved.

Vincent was born in a small village in severobrabantskoy poor family pastor. Ancestors of Van Gogh's maternal epilepsy, which could inherit the artist. Since childhood, Vincent was reclusive and strange child, he had no contact with other children and spent much time in solitude, only releasing her younger brother Theo. In Van Gogh was a blast and a stubborn nature, a trifling event could cause an uncontrolled outbreak in its fury. In adulthood under the influence of absinthe, and general fatigue, these outbreaks became seizures, during which the artist became a danger to himself and to others. He could try to drink a bottle of turpentine, or throw a razor at his friend Paul Gauguin.

As a youth Van Gogh was a successful salesman of paintings in the salons of the firm "Goupil", until he was aloud to show disgust, that art is perceived as a commodity. It is believed that for such careless behavior Vincent pushed the depression from unrequited love. In the 23 years covered by the dream to help the disadvantaged, he became interested in theology and preacher went to the south of Belgium in the miners' village Borinage. There he led on his own the same squalid lifestyle as well as those to whom he preached. Church officials fired him because he, in their opinion, discredited by this image of the clergy.

In 1880, Van Gogh finally confirmed in his vocation to become an artist. He studied in Belgium, moved to Paris where he became friendly with the terms of post-impressionists. Then he lived in Arles, and there occurred his famous quarrel with Gauguin, ending the drama cut off an ear (or rather, only the lower part). Being an artist, Van Gogh could not sell a single work (this fact is also now challenged by art historians), was a regular on psychiatric treatment, he lived on the content of his younger brother Theo, and actually drove the last to ruin. The realization that he is a burden to their loved ones, fear of his own illness and the guilt drove Van Gogh to despair. After a fight with Gauguin in Arles, in a stone-throwing street urchins, some people refused even to accept a gift of his paintings, neighbors have written a complaint with a request to expel from the city of a madman.

Over 10 years of bitter labor he created a huge number of masterpieces. Van Gogh committed suicide when he was under the supervision of a physician Paul Gachet in Auvers town-sur-Oise. He was at the top of his skill. As Artaud says, "speech about the superiority of flesh over the spirit over the flesh of the body, one spirit over the other ... the" I ", Van Gogh sought all his life, looking with energy and persistence outlandish and do not commit suicide in a fit of madness or in trance because that he could not find a place - on the contrary, as soon as he found it and realized that he was and who was gregarious morality of society, the mass executions otbivshegosya caused him to commit suicide. "

The attack was sudden, because by the time the doctors thought Vincent's perfectly healthy. According to one version, for such misconduct prompted his careless words spoken to him in the family of his brother Theo. Another possible reason - poor vlyublennst Van Gogh in a twenty-year doctor's daughter Marguerite Gachet. After the death of Van Gogh girl fell into a deep depression and never married. The last picture of Van Gogh is considered the "Wheatfield with Crows." In recent days, he ecstatically wrote, "the endless cornfields under vzbalamuchennymi heaven" in which he "did not hesitate to express sadness and immense loneliness."

Van Gogh shot himself in the chest while walking in the same field of wheat. In his pocket was an unfinished letter to Theo: "Well, I have paid with their lives for their work, and it cost me half of my mind ...." After this he returned to his home and quietly died two days. Van Gogh's brother Theo, who was with him in the last minutes of life, survived all of Vincent for six months. As always gentle and agreeable man, he suddenly felt too painful attack, during which he tried to kill his wife and son, after which he entered the hospital.

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morphine

Ernst Ludwig Kirchner (1880-1938) - German artist, who has spearheaded the expressionism. His tragic fate - a reflection of shocks faced by Europe in the first half of the 20th century. Exhausted by the fashionable drug morphine and neurasthenia, with crippled during the First World War mentality, and finally trampled by the Nazis on the eve of World War II, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner lived not so much his personal history as the history of Germany at that time.

In 1905 he became a founding member and ideologue of the artistic group "The Bridge" (Die Brücke), which were later joined by Vasily Kandinsky, August Macke, Alexei von Jawlensky. His interpretation of the purpose of his art sounds like a "form of hieroglyphs, in which the world is the visible lets you see hidden inside the creation." At Kirchner influenced Vincent van Gogh, Albrecht Dürer, as well as the art of the Etruscans and the prehistoric peoples of Africa. Expressionism beginning of the century meant the achievement of a special, sometimes grotesque expression. Nervous broken lines on the canvas acquired an independent significance, the main colors were vivid yellow, blue and red in the images dominated by contrast, simplified forms and clear black outlines.

Shortly after moving to Berlin in 1912, Kirchner was at odds with members of the "bridge" and began to work independently. At this time, he created his best work. Expression Kirchner makes the city streets intolerable hostile environment, which can kill a human. The painting "Street Scene in Berlin" (1913) strokes are shown in a fever, and it evokes a feeling of vague anxiety, like a premonition of approaching the First World War. Ladies and frantovatye men are like birds of prey, ready to attack the victim. Recently at Christie's, one of the options that the painting was sold for $ 38 million to billionaire Ronald Lauder.

In 1914, Kirchner joined the army as a volunteer and served as a gunner at Halle. A year later, he was the reserve for health reasons. Was treated several times in the Swiss sanatorium from severe depression. Shattered physical and mental health is reflected in the artist's painting "Self-portrait in uniform" (1915), which shows a man pulling up the bloody stump of his right hand - a symbol of the creative power of the fading. After the war, Kirchner suffered nervous breakdowns, was suffering anxiety attacks and became addicted to morphine. Contemporaries spoke of him as a careless, violent and extremely suspicious person under the influence of depression and drugs, these qualities have only intensified.

In 1917 the artist moved to Our Lady near Davos, Switzerland, and some cured him. Urban scenes gave way to mountain scenery, the picture became more positive. In 1922 he moved to a villa called "The House on the wild land", and completed his days. In the late 20-ies of Ernst Ludwig Kirchner are recognized, exhibited in museums, released book about him, in 1928 he took part in the Venice Biennale. In 1933, authorities in Germany the Nazis came, and Kirchner - a member of the Prussian Academy of Arts and an active creative activity - was expelled from the academy, and 639 of his works - seized from museums in Germany and included a demonstration in the exhibition "Degenerate Art". Humiliation and panic before the war, once again led Kirchner to alcohol and morphine.

He began paranoia, it seemed that the Nazis get to him even in neutral Switzerland. Under the influence of manic depression, he committed suicide at his home in the Frauenkirche in 1938 at age 58.

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exile

American artist of Armenian origin Archil Hills (1904 -1948) is a key figure for American art of the 20th century. Gorky was able to reconcile the European and American tradition and paved the way from surrealism to abstract expressionism. Gorky was a precursor to several generations of American artists who are now the pride of American Art, among them Jackson Pollock, Mark Rothko and Sam Francis, the younger and Helen Frankentaler. He was a charismatic personality: exotic, beautiful, tall, well maintained, in immaculate suits, an artist fascinated students and fellow artists. Willem de Kooning considered him a mentor.

Gorky's real name was Vozdanik Adoian. His name - the name of the compound of the Armenian Arshak (another option - an allusion to the Greek hero Achilles) and surname of the writer Maxim Gorky, whose cousin he sometimes seemed, stressing its "Russianness." Life Gorky began and ended tragically. He was born in Turkish Armenia, and from childhood was a witness to the horrors of the extermination of his people. In 1908, when Vozdaniku was just four years old, his father was forced to accept the painful decision to leave his family and go to America. If he stayed, he would have been drafted into the Turkish army and would have been in arms against their neighbors the Armenians. Their house was destroyed, relatives of the dead, his mother died of starvation at the hands of his son in 1919. Longing for the mother and the nostalgia for the homeland did not leave him until his death. Having survived the Armenian genocide was the prototype of the Hills protagonist Rabo Gharabekyan in "Bluebeard" by K. Vonnegut.


In 1920, Gorky went to America to his father, he studied at various art schools, his work was influenced by Picasso and Miro. As a teacher in the Boston School of Design, he began to create a kind of surreal abstraction technique: banks, pours the paint onto the canvas, on which pictures are incredibly heavy. and scratched in a rigid form of silhouettes. The picture becomes extremely heavy, and Gorki sincerely laughed at those who tried to move them.

In the 40 years of the artist's works are highly appreciated by critics, including André Breton. Slides happily married, he had two daughters. When he was on top of a career, a chain of tragic coincidences led to his demise. In 1945 he was diagnosed with colon cancer, and he walked up to go through painful surgery. Proud Armenian handsome, showy and attractive man, he could not accept the necessity of wearing a special brace after surgery. In 1946, the studio burned down in Connecticut, which destroyed some 30 paintings and all of his books. In this regard, Archil Gorky wrote a series of works "Charred favorite" in shades of gray. They glimpsed the devastation and anxiety, and abstract shapes reminiscent of faded bits of ash. This is followed by his film "The Agony", written in 1947 - the red and dynamic, it expressed the whole emotional pain experienced Hills because of cancer surgery and the devastating fire.

In 1948, Gorky was in a car accident in which he broke his spine, collarbone and arm, which he worked, was completely paralyzed. The severity of his sufferings he was to vent to his wife, who earlier suffered from bouts of jealousy, Gorki, who by virtue of its origin. followed very orthodox views on family relations, and Agnes was brought up as a free American. This prompted her to change, about which Gorky learned by reading her diary.

Warning on the phone all of its intention, Archil Gorky hanged himself in his studio burned.

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Martyr

Mexican artist Frida Kahlo (1907-1954) suffered from childhood severe illness: she had a congenital malformation of the spine, at age 6, she suffered polio, one leg of her will always remain shorter and thinner than the other. The girl is at first disguised pants, and then a long colorful skirts national.

At 18, Frida fell into a severe accident: a bus in which she was riding, crashed into a tram. The girl survived only by a person, she got a triple fracture of the spine (lumbar region), a broken collarbone, broken ribs, fractured pelvis triple, eleven fractures right foot sprain and fractured right foot, a sprained shoulder. In addition, her abdomen and uterus were punctured by a metal railing that did not allow her to have children later. Frida Kahlo miraculously survived, and a year later was able to walk again, but terrible pain, which for months was chained to her bed, stayed with her for life. As a result of the accident she had to move a total of 35 operations.

Bedridden, Frida painted continuously. Of the 143 paintings created by Calo, 55 self-portraits. Her own face she had seen most often. She wrote continuously for themselves and their injuries, while noting that "never portrayed a fictional, I pictured my own reality." A self-taught artist, she created a dramatic mix of Mexican culture, religious symbols and their own suffering. Traditionally, Frida Kahlo ranked as surrealist, André Breton admired, Marcel Duchamp and Pablo Picasso, although she contemptuously spoke of highbrow European intellectuals who, in her opinion, nurtured by Hitler and Mussolini.

Tormented by terrible pain and exposing their suffering in the art, Frida Kahlo, however, led a stormy life. Exquisitely beautiful and delicate, with perfect hair, Frida has attracted attention not only for its beauty, but also eccentric, sometimes unbridled behavior. In 22 years, despite protests from parents, she married the famous painter Diego Rivera, who stayed with her until the end, despite the mutual betrayals, quarrels and even divorce short. She had affairs with Josephine Baker and Leon Trotsky, it was her in the circle of European artistic bohemia, its exhibitions in Paris and New York, and Elsa Skyaparelli created a gown of her name. Frida Kahlo painting acquired for his collection of the Louvre, it was the first purchase of a major international museum of Latin American authors.

Unbending will to live also means the will to death, in any case, in which the whole man, as Frida Kahlo. Freed decided to commit suicide and tried to make it a few times cut off medical equipment, drank a few bubbles of sleeping pills. Doctors saved her just in time.

In 1953, Frida had a leg amputated because of gangrene, when she was discharged from the hospital, she refused to use crutches and in on itself. Husband Diego Rivera was trying to get her back to life by staging a solo exhibition of her. Frida Kahlo has appeared at the opening in the carriage of "first aid" from which it carried on a stretcher in the eastern garb and seated on the queen bed located in the exposition hall. Frida partied, sang mariachi singers and made fun of him, which she is "celebrity."

Suicide of Frida Kahlo is also not without its theatrical effects. Frieda had committed suicide in July 1954, a week after her birthday, before she wrote: "I hope the outcome will be happy - I hope never to return." After finishing one of the most positive of his paintings, still life with watermelon juicy slit, called "Viva la vida!", Frida Kahlo took an overdose of sleeping pills. She had a peculiar sense of humor. Officially, the cause of death was recorded as "pulmonary embolism".

After a couple of decades after his death, Frida Kahlo has become a pop icon, and the degree of recognition of her image, rastirazhirovanny in books, movies, music, stamps, glossy magazines and consumer products such as cosmetics and beer, almost on par with Che Guevara. Modern beauty from Selma Hayek to Claudia Schiffer to try on fused eyebrows of Frida Kahlo, who was able to make any flaw in dignity. The image of Frida is now a shrine for both Mexicans, Communists, feminists, gays and fashion editors.

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philosopher

Mark Rothko (1903-1970) - American painter of Russian origin, one of the greatest, along with Jackson Pollock, the representatives of Abstract Expressionism. Marcus Rothkowitz (his real name, and then reworked in Rotkovits, later shortened to resounding Rothko) was born into a Jewish family in the Latvian town of Dvinsk. In 1913 his family fled to America. There's Mark went to Yale University to become a lawyer, but did not finish my studies, gave Yale and moved to New York to study art.

Rothko became famous for his huge paintings, composed of blocks of one blurry - a maximum of three colors. The colors on the canvas vibrate, dragging the viewer into his plane and provoke not amenable to rational interpretation of deep feelings. According to the artist, his paintings should be viewed from a distance of no more than half. (Achieving this effect is impossible, if you look at the big picture reproduction, which explains the lack of understanding of most creative Rothko).

 Rothko was the first artist to offer the viewer a pure meditation, his paintings have no plot, names, and completely free from any association. Someone able to see them in your own soul, somebody - the image of God. Rothko canvas hanging in the room there is in it as a real person, she breathes, elusive moves, attracts and repels at the same time. This is an animated physical presence of the icon.

"The audience, which shed tears in my paintings, are experiencing the same religious experience that I had to create them" - Mark Rothko wrote in 1965. Rothko's philosophical legacy is not less important than the picturesque, in 2002, was published manuscript found by the heirs of Rothko's' Reality Artist: the philosophy of art, "where he expressed his theoretical views. "Art - is always a last generalization - wrote Mark Rothko. - It should bring awareness to our lives indefinitely. Our environment too diverse for a philosophical unity, the art we could at least find symbols to express our desire to achieve it." The main source of inspiration for Mark Rothko were religious literature and existential philosophy: Dostoevsky, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, especially his work "The Birth of Tragedy from the Spirit of Music." In an effort to painting acquired the same urgency as the music, the artist fills his abstract paintings tragedy.

Rothko life is woven of contradictions. He was a member of the "Group of Ten", merge, abstract expressionists, but hated it when his work was called abstraction. Dreaming of a mass audience, Rothko still understandable only to a narrow circle of intellectuals and connoisseurs, not counting the national recognition of the fact that the artist's name became a symbol of wealth in popular culture (it is worth remembering the appearance of Rothko's famous TV series "Mad Men").

Rothko has gone a long way to recognition, but deliberately otkazyvl men capable of if they wish to destroy his career. He preferred to sell the paintings in series, often denied to customers for no reason and earned a reputation as a very eccentric and complex artist. The most famous is the story with an order for the restaurant "Four Seasons" in a skyscraper Seagram building. In 1959, the artist approached the owners of trendy restaurants, who wanted to order a series of works. Contract amount (35 000 $) in terms of current money amounted to almost three million dollars - a very substantial fee even held a recognized artist, which at that time was already Rothko. However, when the work was almost finished, Rothko returned unexpectedly advance and refused to pass it on to the customer. The reason for such action was the unwillingness of the author to his work charmed the eyes of diners there, "rich bastards". Then part of the series unexpectedly gave Rothko Tate Gallery. Based on the story created the play "Red", she goes to New York's Golden Theatre with Alfred Molina in the role of Mark Rothko.

The artist was distinguished by left-wing radical socialist views and hated dealers earn their art. But as a result of its relationship with the vagaries of different gallery owners got into financial dependence on the real monster of the art market - picture of Marlborough. Through a corrupt agent who trusted Rothko, gallery owners signed a contract that allowed them to get better for a song by the artist, as well as through the organization of the Fund's frontman Mark Rothko's heirs tried to take away the rights to most of the paintings after his death. To date, the artist-besserebrennika estimated at tens of millions of dollars and are considered the most reliable way to invest in art. In 2009 a collection of Rothko owned by Ezra Merkin, was sold for $ 310 million unknown buyer (because these paintings were exhibited last year in the "garage", it was rumored that it could be a Roman Abramovich).

The reason for his suicide remains a mystery. He was found in a pool of blood with the opening of the veins and in the center of a workshop on the easel was absolutely scarlet cloth. Among the possible reasons, some known health problems - in late 1969 at the Rothko found bilateral emphysema. Another reason is called financial dependence on the machinations of the gallery Marlborough - on February 25, 1970 Mark Rothko set up a meeting with the vice president of Marlborough Gallery, Donald McKinney, to discuss their new contract, but that morning suddenly committed suicide.

[Santa]

morphine

Ernst Ludwig Kirchner (1880-1938) - German artist, who has spearheaded the expressionism. His tragic fate - a reflection of shocks faced by Europe in the first half of the 20th century. Plagued by a fashionable drug morphine and neurasthenia, with crippled during World War mentality and finally trampled by the Nazis on the eve of World War II, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner spent not so much his personal history as the history of Germany at that time.

In 1905 he became a founding member and ideologue of the artistic group "The Bridge" (Die Brücke), which were later joined by Vasily Kandinsky, August Macke, Alexei von Jawlensky. His interpretation of the purpose of his art sounds like "the formation of characters, in which the visible world makes it possible to see the hidden inside of creation." At Kirchner influenced Vincent van Gogh, Albrecht Durer, and the art of the Etruscans and the primitive peoples of Africa. Expressionism of the century meant the achievement of special, often grotesque expression. Nerve broken lines on the canvas, acquired an independent significance, the main colors were vivid yellow, blue and red in the images dominated by contrasts, simplified forms and crisp black outlines.

Shortly after moving to Berlin in 1912, Kirchner was at odds with members of the "bridge" and began to work independently. At this time, he created his best work. Expression of Kirchner makes the streets intolerable hostile environment, which can kill a human being. The painting "Street Scene in Berlin" (1913) are plotted as a smear in a fever, and it evokes a feeling of vague anxiety, like a premonition of the coming of World War II. Ladies and frantovatye men are like birds of prey, ready to attack the victim. Recently at Christie's, one of the options that the painting was sold for $ 38 million to billionaire Ronald Lauder.

In 1914, Kirchner went to the front as a volunteer and served as a gunner at Halle. A year later he was the reserve for health reasons. Was treated several times in the Swiss sanatorium from severe depression. Shattered physical and mental health is reflected in the artist's painting "Self Portrait in uniform" (1915), which shows a man pulling up the bloody stump of his right hand - a symbol of the creative power of the fading. After the war, Kirchner suffered a nervous disorder, suffered bouts of anxiety and became addicted to morphine. Contemporaries spoke of him as a prudent, short-tempered and extremely suspicious the man under the influence of depression and drug use, these qualities have only intensified.

In 1917 the artist moved to Our Lady, near Davos, Switzerland and some cured him. Urban scenes gave way to mountain scenery, the pictures became more positive. In 1922 he moved to a villa called "House of wild land," where he ended his days. In the late 20-ies of Ernst Ludwig Kirchner are recognized, exhibited in museums, on its release of the monograph, in 1928 he took part in the Venice Biennale. In 1933, authorities in Germany the Nazis came, and Kirchner - a member of the Prussian Academy of Arts and active creative activity - was expelled from the academy, and 639 of his works - removed from museums throughout Germany and included a demonstration in the exhibition "Degenerate Art". Humiliation and panic fear of war again brought Kirchner to alcohol and morphine.

He began paranoia, it seemed to him that the Nazis would get to him, even in neutral Switzerland. Under the influence of manic depression, he shot himself at his home in the Frauenkirche in 1938 at the age of 58 years.

[Santa]

Exile

American artist of Armenian origin Archil Gorky (1904 -1948) is a key figure for the American 20th century art. Gorky was able to reconcile European and American tradition and paved the way from surrealism to abstract expressionism. Gorky was a precursor to several generations of American artists who are now the pride of American Art, among them Jackson Pollock, Mark Rothko and Sam Francis, the younger, and Helen Frankentaler. He was a charismatic personality: exotic, beautiful, tall, well maintained, in immaculate suits, an artist fascinated students and fellow artists. Willem de Kooning regarded him as their teacher.

Gorky's real name was Vozdanik Adoian. His nickname - the connection of the Armenian name Arshak (another version - a reference to the Greek hero Achilles) and surname of the writer Maxim Gorky, whose cousin he sometimes seemed, stressing its "Russianness." Life Hills started and ended tragically. He was born in Turkish Armenia, and from childhood was a witness to the horrors of the extermination of his people. In 1908, when Vozdaniku was just four years old, his father was forced to accept the painful decision to leave his family and go to America. If he stayed, he would have been drafted into the Turkish army and would have been in arms against their neighbors the Armenians. Their house was destroyed and relatives killed, his mother died of starvation at the hands of his son in 1919. Yearning for the mother and the nostalgia for the homeland did not leave him until his death. Armenian genocide survivor Hills was the prototype of the hero Rabo Gharabekyan in "Bluebeard" K. Vonnegut.


In 1920, Gorky went to America to his father, he studied at various art schools, his work was influenced by Picasso and Miro. As a teacher in the Boston School of Design, he begins to create a surreal kind of abstraction techniques: Banks pours the paint onto the canvas, on which paintings are incredibly heavy. and scratched in a frozen form of silhouettes. The picture becomes incredibly difficult, and Gorki sincerely laughed at those who tried to move them.

In the 40 years of the artist's works are highly appreciated by the critics, in particular, Andre Breton. Slides happily married, he had two daughters. When he was on top of a career, a chain of tragic accidents led to his demise. In 1945 he was diagnosed with colon cancer, and he walked up to go through painful surgery. Proud handsome Armenian, effective and attractive man, he could not come to terms with the need to wear a special brace after surgery. In 1946, the studio burned down in Connecticut, which destroyed some 30 paintings and all of his books. In this regard, Archil Gorky wrote a series of works "Charred favorite" in shades of gray. They betrays anxiety and desolation, and abstract shapes reminiscent of faded bits of ash. This is followed by his film "The Agony", written in 1947 - the red and dynamic, it expressed all the heartache that Hills has experienced due to cancer surgery and the devastating fire.

In 1948, Gorky was in a car accident in which he broke his spine, collarbone and hand, which he worked, was completely paralyzed. The severity of his sufferings, he became a vent for his wife, who earlier suffered from bouts of jealousy, Gorki, who by virtue of its origin. adhered to a very orthodox views on family relationships, and Agnes was brought up as a free American. This prompted her to change, which Gorky learned by reading her diary.

Notice to all on the phone about his intention, Archil Gorky hanged himself in his studio burned.

[Santa]

Martyr

Mexican painter Frida Kahlo (1907-1954) from his childhood suffered severe illness: she had a congenital malformation of the spine, at age 6, she suffered polio, one of her legs forever remain shorter and thinner than the other. The girl is at first disguised pants, and then the long colorful skirts national.

At the age of 18 years Freda has got a severe accident: on the bus in which she was driving, crashed into a tram. The girl survived only by a person, she was a triple fracture of the spine (lumbar region), a broken collarbone, broken ribs, fractured pelvis triple, eleven fractures right leg, fractured right foot and sprain, sprained shoulder. In addition, her abdomen and uterus were punctured by a metal railing that did not allow her to have children later. Frida Kahlo miraculously survived, and again a year later was able to walk, but terrible pain, which for months chained to her bed and stayed with her for life. As a result of the accident she had to move a total of 35 operations.

Bedridden, Frida painted continuously. Of the 143 paintings created by Calo, 55 self-portraits. Her own face she had seen most often. She constantly wrote for themselves and their injuries, while noting that "never portrayed a fictional, I pictured my own reality." A self-taught artist, she created a dramatic mix of Mexican culture, religious symbols and their own suffering. Traditionally, Frida Kahlo ranked as surrealist, André Breton admired, Marcel Duchamp and Pablo Picasso, although she contemptuously spoke of highbrow European intellectuals who, in her opinion, nurtured Hitler and Mussolini.

Tormented by terrible pain and exposing their sufferings in the art, Frida Kahlo, however, led a stormy life. Exquisitely beautiful and delicate, with luxurious hair, Frida drew attention not only for its beauty, but also eccentric, sometimes unbridled behavior. In 22 years, despite protests from parents, she was married to a famous artist Diego Rivera, who stayed with her until the end, despite the mutual betrayals, quarrels and even divorce short. She had affairs with Josephine Baker and Leon Trotsky, it was her in the circle of European artistic bohemia, its exhibitions in Paris and New York, and Elsa Skyaparelli created a dress in her name. Frida Kahlo painting bought for his collection of the Louvre, it was the first purchase of a major international museum of Latin American author.

Enduring the will to live also implies the will to death, in any case, in which the whole man, as Frida Kahlo. Freed decided to commit suicide and tried to make it a few times cut off medical equipment, drank a few bubbles of sleeping pills. Doctors saved her just in time.

In 1953, Frida had a leg amputated because of gangrene, when she was discharged from the hospital, she refused to use crutches and in on itself. Husband Diego Rivera tried to get her back to life, gave her a solo exhibition. Frida Kahlo appeared at the opening in the carriage of "first aid" from which it carried on a stretcher in the eastern garb and seated on the queen bed located in the exposition hall. Frieda enjoyed herself, sang mariachi singers and made fun of him, what it is "celebrity."

Suicide Frida Kahlo is also not without its theatrical effects. Freda has committed suicide in July 1954, a week after his birthday, before she wrote: "I hope the outcome will be happy - I hope never to return." After finishing one of the most positive of his paintings, still life with juicy slit watermelons under the title "Viva la vida!", Frida Kahlo took an overdose of sleeping pills. She had a peculiar sense of humor. Officially, the cause of death was recorded as "pulmonary embolism".

After a couple of decades after his death, Frida Kahlo has become a pop icon, and the degree of recognition of her image, rastirazhirovanny in books, movies, music, stamps, glossy magazines and consumer products such as cosmetics and beer, almost on par with Che Guevara. Modern beauty of Selma Hayek, Claudia Schiffer to try on fused eyebrows Frida Kahlo, who was able to make any flaw in dignity. Frida's image is now a sanctuary for both Mexicans and communists, feminists, gays and fashion editors.

[Santa]

philosopher

Mark Rothko (1903-1970) - American painter of Russian origin, one of the greatest, along with Jackson Pollock, the representatives of Abstract Expressionism. Marcus Rothkowitz (his real name, then reworked in Rotkovits, later shortened to Rothko ringing) was born into a Jewish family in the Latvian city of Dvinsk. In 1913 his family fled to America. There's Mark went to Yale University to become a lawyer, but did not finish my studies, and threw Yale and moved to New York to study art.

Rothko became famous for his huge paintings, consisting of blurred blocks of one - a maximum of three colors. The colors on the canvases vibrate, dragging the viewer into his plane and provoke not amenable to rational interpretation of deep feelings. According to the artist, his paintings should be viewed from a distance of not more than half. (Achieving this effect is impossible, if you look at the big picture reproduction, and this explains the lack of understanding of most art Rothko).

 Rothko was the first artist to offer the viewer a pure meditation, his paintings were devoid of plot, the names and full exemption from all associations. Someone able to see them in your own soul, someone - the image of God. Rothko canvas, hanging in the room there is in it as a real person, she breathes, elusive moves, attracts and repels at the same time. This is an animated physical presence of the icon.

"The audience, who shed tears in my paintings are experiencing the same religious experience, and I felt that by making them" - Rothko wrote in 1965. Rothko's philosophical legacy is not less important than the picturesque, and in 2002 was published a manuscript found by the heirs of Rothko's "The reality of the artist: the philosophy of art," where he expressed his theoretical views. "Art - this is always the last generalization - Mark Rothko wrote. - It has to bring awareness to our lives indefinitely. Our environment too diverse for philosophical unity in art at least we find symbols to express our desire to achieve it." The main source of inspiration for Mark Rothko were religious literature and existential philosophy: Dostoevsky, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, especially his work "The Birth of Tragedy from the Spirit of Music." In an effort to painting gained the same urgency as the music, the artist fills his abstract paintings in tragedy.

Rothko life is woven of contradictions. He was a member of "Group of Ten," the union, the abstract expressionists, but hated it when his work was called abstraction. Dreaming of a mass audience, Rothko still understandable only to a narrow circle of intellectuals and connoisseurs, with the exception of national recognition of the fact that the artist's name became a symbol of wealth in popular culture (it is worth recalling the emergence of Rothko's famous television series "Mad Men").

Rothko has gone a long way to the recognition, but deliberately otkazyvl men capable of if they wish to destroy his career. He preferred to sell the paintings in series, often refused to buyers without a cause, and earned a reputation as a very eccentric and complex artist. The most famous is the story with an order for a restaurant "Four Seasons" in a skyscraper Seagram building. In 1959, the artist approached the owners of trendy restaurants, who wanted to order a series of works. Contract amount (35 000 $) in terms of current money was nearly three million dollars - a very substantial fee even held a recognized artist, which at that time was already Rothko. However, when the work was almost finished, Rothko returned unexpectedly advance and refused to transmit it to the customer. The reason for such action was the unwillingness of the author to his work charmed the eyes of diners there "rich bastards". Then part of the series unexpectedly gave Rothko Tate Gallery. Based on the story created the play "Red", she goes to New York's Golden Theatre with Alfred Molina as Rothko.

The artist left wing socialist views differed and hated dealers earn their art. But as a result of its relationship with the vagaries of different gallery owners got into financial dependence on the real monster of the art market - Marlborough Gallery. After a corrupt agent who Rothko trusted gallery owners entered into a contract which allowed them for a song to get the best work of the artist, as well as through the organization of the Fund's stand-in Rothko's heirs tried to take away the rights to most of the paintings after his death. To date, the artist-besserebrennika estimated at tens of millions of dollars and are considered the most reliable way to invest in art. In 2009 a collection of Rothko owned by Ezra Merkin, was sold for $ 310 million unknown buyer (because these paintings were exhibited last year in the "garage", it was rumored that it could be Roman Abramovich).

The reason for his suicide remains a mystery. He was found in a pool of blood with the opening of the veins and in the center of a workshop on the easel was absolutely scarlet cloth. Among the possible reasons, some known health problems - in late 1969 at the Rothko found bilateral emphysema. Another reason for the known dependence on the financial machinations of the gallery Marlborough - on February 25, 1970 Rothko set up a meeting with the vice president of Marlborough Gallery, Donald McKinney, to discuss their new contract, but that morning suddenly committed suicide.

[bykinist]

You can mention Bernard Byufe (Bernard Buffet) who committed suicide at age 71.

[Santa]

Сообщение от bykinist; 1749533"

can be mentioned Byufe Bernard (Bernard Buffet) who committed suicide at age 71.

Let's continue the research of Eleanor Tarnogradskoy >

Bernard Buffet (Buffet, Bernard) (1928-1999), French painter, creator of the original style, linking modernism with art salon. Born in Paris on July 10, 1928 in the family factory director. He studied at evening classes schools drawing (1943) and the School of Fine Arts (1943-1945).

He is famous melancholy, dull, almost monochromatic portraits, still lifes and genre - with the angular, depressed, alienated figures elongated proportions in a deliberately uncomfortable, poor interiors (Man with a Skull, 1947, Gallery M. Garnier, Paris, Artist and Model, 1948, the National Museum of Modern Art, Paris), or as "dreary" subjects on the kitchen table. His mundane commonplace to shock the audience and his religious compositions (Descent from the Cross, 1948 M. Garnier gallery). Was close to neo-realist tendencies, but critics often attribute it to mizerabilizmu; Buffet during these years was a key figure in this movement.

Later works by the master paint in gay colors more vivid, but still stingy with colorful accents, are increasingly growing to the size of large panels that make up the numerous series (The Passion of Christ, 1951 The Circus 1956, the Paris landscape, 1957 Jeanne d'Arc, 1958, New Landscapes York, 1959; Bird, 1960; People with flayed, 1965 Corrida, 1967, the insane, 1970 Hell of the "Divine Comedy" by Dante, 1977; French Revolution, 1978, Don Quixote, 1989, Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea M . Verna, 1990, etc.). Cabin effects always combine these things with a "brand" style of the artist, just as tough and graphically, "prickly" as its major characteristic signature.

Often turned to etching (drypoint and other techniques), has created a number of illustrative cycles, including the texts of Lautreamont, Jean Cocteau and F. Sagan. Since 1964, translated the various motifs of his paintings to sculpture. In 1973, Surugadaira (Japan) opened a personal museum.

Buffet died in Tourtour October 4, 1999, committed suicide.

Добавлено через 12 секунд

Сообщение от bykinist; 1749533"

can be mentioned Byufe Bernard (Bernard Buffet) who committed suicide at age 71.

Let's continue the research of Eleanor Tarnogradskoy >

Bernard Buffet (Buffet, Bernard) (1928-1999), French painter, creator of the original style, linking modernism with art salon. Born in Paris on July 10, 1928 in the family factory director. He studied at evening classes schools drawing (1943) and the School of Fine Arts (1943-1945).

He is famous melancholy, dull, almost monochromatic portraits, still lifes and genre - with the angular, depressed, alienated figures elongated proportions in a deliberately uncomfortable, poor interiors (Man with a Skull, 1947, Gallery M. Garnier, Paris, Artist and Model, 1948, the National Museum of Modern Art, Paris), or as "dreary" subjects on the kitchen table. His mundane commonplace to shock the audience and his religious compositions (Descent from the Cross, 1948 M. Garnier gallery). Was close to neo-realist tendencies, but critics often attribute it to mizerabilizmu; Buffet during these years was a key figure in this movement.

Later works by the master paint in gay colors more vivid, but still stingy with colorful accents, are increasingly growing to the size of large panels that make up the numerous series (The Passion of Christ, 1951 The Circus 1956, the Paris landscape, 1957 Jeanne d'Arc, 1958, New Landscapes York, 1959; Bird, 1960; People with flayed, 1965 Corrida, 1967, the insane, 1970 Hell of the "Divine Comedy" by Dante, 1977; French Revolution, 1978, Don Quixote, 1989, Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea M . Verna, 1990, etc.). Cabin effects always combine these things with a "brand" style of the artist, just as tough and graphically, "prickly" as its major characteristic signature.

Often turned to etching (drypoint and other techniques), has created a number of illustrative cycles, including the texts of Lautreamont, Jean Cocteau and F. Sagan. Since 1964, translated the various motifs of his paintings to sculpture. In 1973, Surugadaira (Japan) opened a personal museum.

Buffet died in Tourtour October 4, 1999, committed suicide.

[Seriy]

No photo adult Van Gogh, but it is the portraits created by various artists from nature, such as Toulouse-Lautrec. They see not a skinny alien with an elongated thin neck, like the famous self-portrait dedicated to Gauguin, and broad-shouldered big, plotnoslozhennogo man.
 There is a version that he killed himself, so his picture went up in price, and his brother Theo, which is experiencing at the time the financial difficulties would receive assistance in this way. Vincent Millet was obsessed and appalled by the fact that the picture is already dead Millet was sold for a record half a million francs. He continually copied Millet, may be like and copy the posthumous success.
The moment was very well chosen, after participating in several exhibitions, one of which Monet said that the paintings of Van Gogh - the best and a number of articles in the press interest in the Van Gogh uniquely manifested. At the same time it was sold to a single picture, Red Vineyard at 400 francs, the sister of his friend.
Not aware of the sale of other paintings, but it is known that Van Gogh wrote a few portraits to order.
 Had his life not ended, then he probably would have been a modernist - all this was going fast.

[Fed]

I do not know, I all went to a complete frenzy.
Energy Mad has created an explosion of masterpieces for them nothing would have to be, only emptiness.


It is better to have had nowhere to go, and the event ceased to exist.


Bonnar would compete with him in skill, but not the power.
And those who have ta-exploded.

[zarajara]

Сообщение от Fed

I do not know , I all went to a complete frenzy. Energy Mad has created an explosion of masterpieces for them nothing would have to be, only emptiness .

It is better to have had nowhere to go, and the event ceased to exist.

Bonnar would compete with him in skill, but not the power . The man who blew up the one - .

But what if it's not suicide , because the gun was never found .