Arzamas School Stupin (1802-1862)

[Dogel]

Russia's first provincial school of painting .
Arzamas School Stupin (1802-1862)

Arzamasskaya art school founded " externally " (two years ) graduates of training at the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts A.V.Stupinym , was the first provincial art schools in Russia. Prominent artists gave her his paintings : K.Bryulov , A.Egorov , V.Shebuev , A.Varnek , I.Akimov , Academy of Fine Arts - 17 casts of ancient sculptures , engravings and prints . School library consisted of extensive collections of books on all branches of science and knowledge. Accepted for training not only children of officials , merchants and burghers , but serfs, the most gifted of them at the request of A.V.Stupina often obtained freedom.

Studied for six years. For a year of study with board power 200 rubles banknotes already having artistic skills - 4 years studied the board for 350 rubles a year. Works best students ( drawings and paintings ) were presented at the Academy of Fine Arts Exhibition , received medals gifted enlisted in her classes ( in 1809 I.Gorbunov ) . In 1809 he became an academician A.V.Stupin .

A high school democratic internal life : regardless of class , everyone involved in the preparation for all paints, canvases and art supplies to janitorial , supply foods in the overall table . Regularly arranged collective reading , pets, performances , holidays with the guest . Together with students A.V.Stupin painted churches in many cities of Russia: Arzamas , Penza, Repairs , Nizhny Novgorod Fair.

In 1825, the school had an enrollment of 26 people , including future academicians painting : K.Makarov , Alexeyev , V.Raev , A.Nadezhdin . Many students became teachers district and provincial schools and gymnasiums ( P.Vedenetsky , I.Lebedev ) , founder of his own art school in Saransk , Kozlov .

The school building was gutted A.V.Stupina M.P.Korinfskogo project in 1814 , but burned down in 1842 . To restore the Academy of Arts has allocated 5,000 rubles and a collection of casts of antiquities : 5 statues ( Lakoon Venus Meditsiyskaya ) and 5 busts.

By 1854, 150 people have graduated from school , continued training 6. ( Total production of 168 artists, 88 of them were serfs. ) In connection with the affairs of the school age A.V.Stupin son- handed N.M.Alekseevu . But after the death A.V.Stupina ( 1861), the school was closed ( 1862).

N.Filatov
Professor UNN behalf Lobachevsky ,
Member of the International Slavic Academy
sciences , education , arts and culture,
Academy of Natural Sciences

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Stupin Alexander .

(Academic painting).

Born in Arzamas February 13, 1776 , he studied at the local iconographer and Small folk school. December 12, 1795 adopted podkantselyaristom Nizhny Novgorod vicegeral board , worked in drawing class Ya.Niklausa , but in May 1797 dismissed in " merchant class " united in Arzamas young artists perform with them iconographical work.

March 15, 1800 with the priest of Saint-Petersburg Alexander Nevsky Lavra Dorimedontom travels to St. Petersburg, where, thanks to the request of the professor of painting and patronage of President I.A.Akimova Stroganov , contrary to the rules allowed in classes at the Academy of Arts, and in 1802 with a degree certificate artist I returned to Arzamas , Russia opens first in the provincial art school, takes her children, not just clerks , merchants and burghers , but serfs. The best student work is on view, and the Academy of Arts exhibition , which honors their awards - medals.

In 1808 A.V.Stupin Arzamas acquires land , and in 1814 the project builds M.P.Korinfskogo extensive house classrooms , a library and a dining room. July 10, 1809 A.V.Stupin gets the title of academician . Continuing to teach drawing and art history at the school, he paints in 1821-1823 years with his son Raphael Cathedral and students Nizhny Novgorod Fair. At the completion of construction of the Resurrection Cathedral in Arzamas paints his grisaille technique , writes iconostasis on private orders : in the village of Petina , Salma , mending, Penza.

In 1842, the art school building burned down. Academy of Arts, commending its contribution to the formation of Russia , contributed to the restoration of 5000 rubles , Rector Demuth -Malinovsky sent to Arzamas party plaster casts of antiquities .

Deteriorating health and age forced A.V.Stupina refer cases to school his best students ( N.M.Alekseevu ) . July 31, 1861 A.V.Stupina gone. With his death, ceased to exist shortly art school .

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Nikolai Filatov Philippovich
Professor UNN behalf Lobachevsky ,
Member of the International Slavic Academy
sciences , education , arts and culture,
Academy of Natural Sciences .

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Orel State University
abstract
on " Arzamasskaya school AV Stupin "
Amounted student HGF : V. Shevchenko
Checked : NA Kohanik

"To live , we must be careful to hold the dead ."
Voltaire

The study of Arzamas School of Painting we approached our work is not accidental. Encountering the work of this school , mostly portraits , we naturally turned to the existing printed literature . Paucity last made ​​us turn to archival materials . As a result of these studies , which we started in 1921, had our publication of individual representatives of this school . Now all the collected material studied and allows us to combine it into one job and try to put the problem of studying the artistic culture of our province the first half of the last century.

The literature on school Arzamas relatively significant quantity, but poor in content . A large number of newspaper and magazine notes on a different footing repeats platitudes published autobiography of the founder of the school AV Stupin allowing certain cuts of retreat and even errors . Apparently , there were a number of "Notes " AV Stupin dedicated to different chronological dates , rather, lists the original manuscript with later additions to it .

About "Notes academician Stupin ," he wrote in 1847, owned by the heirs of an amateur artist Nick. Dm . Bykov ( died in 1884 ) , there is mention of a " Russian antiquity ." Apparently , the note later passed to the collection of the Moscow collector Shchukin and served as the material for publication in the next volume.

In the magazine " Illustration " in 1862 , after the death of AV Stupin were printed excerpts from his "Notes" with notes N. Rachkova . The identity of the latter with the "Notes" in 1847 suggests that they were the heads of the main material for the article in the " Illustrations ".

This memoir material is one of the key for studying and constructing stories Arzamas school. Material wealth of factual inquiries ; to the shortcomings of whether it should be attributed lyrical digressions - expression of subservience and devotion to the Academy of Arts . However, this document is for us a great historical significance .

" In taking notes to write my life, I did not mean to represent something special and rare " - wrote AV Stupin . - "I am extremely hesitated , feeling my weakness such work without being prepared for it properly , knowing neither grammar nor the rules of eloquence , as I have been given scant education that from the description of my life will be visible, but reassured himself with the that writing is not for the light which Curiosity my life and did not deserve , and for my family and relatives called his friends , and on 72 year of my life ... "

Another memoir monument , where we find the data from the school district about the founder of the cross are the notes uchenika school IK Zaitsev , which affected an earlier era - 30s .

The first attempt in modern times to approach the study Arzamas school did VGKorolenko writer who in 1890 made ​​my trip to Arzamas in the crevices of collecting materials for his intended story " Arzamasskaya Muse ." The second attempt belongs N. Wrangel , who in 1902 made ​​a trip to Arzamas , found there still surviving school building occupied by parochial school, but significant discoveries and finds them there was not done. He first came to a partial study of archival material relating to schools in the archives of the Academy of Arts. One would think that his work in the archives of the Academy led him to Stupinskaya school and prompted her to make a pilgrimage to his homeland last .

According to the literature of post-October period, we can conclude that the study on the topic of school Arzamas in Nizhny Novgorod worked listener Moscow Archaeological Institute I. Matyunin . This work was the thesis and was awarded a gold medal. Manuscript was the author .

When this book was signed for publication in 1941, we got the job MP Zvantsev . Author in the footsteps of our early publications made ​​an attempt to give a popular literary essay about AV Stupino as the founder of the school. We had not found a new material .

In the first stage of work, we sought to expand our knowledge of the individual representatives of this school, casually mentioned in NN Wrangel. So on our sketches (the result of the study of literature , archival materials and works of artists ) of RA Stupino , NM Alexeyev , V. Shegolkova (in connection with his portrait Lobachevsky ) , MP Corinth ( about his work in Arzamas and Simbirsk ) , VS Turin ( his new work in the field of engraving ), etc.

We were lucky to find a number of works Stupino school and that is especially valuable for us , the manuscript of the "Course of painting and drawing " RA Stupin , and explore the archival materials of Kazan University , Academy of Fine Arts and the Society for the Encouragement of Arts , and finally a visit in 1929 , in 1930 and 1938 . Arzamas and Nizhny Novgorod .

As a result of these long-term , intermittent work started , as mentioned , in 1921, was the greatest in the material, which is currently treated in three main divisions: Arzamas late XVIII and early XIX centuries , AV Stupin , school and her students .

" Arzamas School of Painting" was tempting to explore the theme of the artistic heritage of the provincial art, art forgotten serf masters whose modest but sincere in its implementation of long attracted our attention. Stupinskaya school was the only hotbed of artistic talent knowledge for serfs , most of forgotten history. Finally , the study of provincial art schools we considered interesting from the point of view of solving some of the issues of Russian art in general , as well as the disclosure of a number of artists whose work in our museums included in the group «inconnu». So and still remains enigmatic artist for us Zinovij Ivanov, whose work has repeatedly attracted the attention of art historians. Incompleteness of our knowledge of the provincial art does not allow us to draw a final conclusion , but we think that the assumption of proximity to the school Arzamas 3 . Ivanova is justified. Studying ARZAMAS school, we now associate with it firmly F. Melentyeva - 's very characteristic of the canvas with white theme , draw attention to themselves in 1916 We also have every reason to associate the first creative steps of the great Ukrainian poet and artist Taras Shevchenko Petersburg in the 30-ies . Arzamas our school , as it is known "master" Shiryaev , which he attended , was a disciple Stupin , in the same studio worked with him another pupil school - Bobrov, and here met him third student Stupin - IK Zaitsev , who left us the fleeting memories of Shevchenko.

Study Stupino school allowed us to connect it with the artist's name Venetsianov AG , which according to reliable materials published by us, helped her by all means possible . Thus, references to Lunacharsky , in preface to the letters AG Venetsianov about the origins of "interesting Arzamas provincial school ", now supported by factual data .

Materials serfs artists very little , they are always sketchy, and sometimes anecdotal . Studying ARZAMAS school, we study serfs . This character of the school and he noted AV STUPIN ; However, clearly confirm and registers his students have come down to us. One of his disciples - serfs ( Zaitsev ) left him memoirs source truthful and full information , which is so lacking and which we used as the starting material for a number of earlier judgments on contentious issues.

Stupinskaya school has preserved for us the names of dozens of artists , students serfs . She has been linked their creative work . It was also a witness to the tragic events in their lives. Apprentice School Gregory Myasnikov - land lord Gladkova who showed great ability attracted the attention of the Society for Encouragement of Arts, which is seeing its success , has agreed to buy it from the landlord for 2000 rubles . Landlord has not agreed to the deal and demanded artist to themselves; forced him to learn the art of cookery in the kitchen, ordered to take off her boots, heels scratching . Exhausted artist fled to Stupin . Landowner sent for his "good" steward , but interned back fugitive escaped again , was again returned and not finding exit committed suicide in the school art gallery , leaving a tragic note.

Same heavy picture deployed in front of us long-term tests Basil Rayeva - school student , who has long sought to be able to repurchase from his landlord , who saw him as a " best-seller " and do not rush to sell it, in the hope of increasing the size of the ransom. Only the intervention of progressive influential persons in this matter helped untie the knot n talented artist to his real expensive . Somewhat different fate of another stupintsa - IK Zaitsev , also suffered a lot before becoming a "free man."

Sounded terribly instructions Academy of Fine Arts of free and unfree students. Inhumane and unjust acts of awarding medals were free and only reviews " serfs ", although they were the majority , and among them, on the instructions of Stupin were the most gifted person. And no wonder , because in training landlords gave only those serfs who really turned out to be capable of ; "Free" is usually came to their desire , "and among them were poor talent who waited from school only craft skills for professional future painters.

Large " dropouts " serfs students who after graduation did not go through their direct , eventually disappoint AV Stupin , and he began to avoid the serfs.

We find in his report to the Academy of Fine Arts in 1847, these words: " On my return from St. Petersburg I took three students a free state , gave three more serfs , but I refused , but later because his rank is not made ​​of their appointment . "

This desperate situation serf artists , of course, did not contribute to their growth. Some early finishing his life by poisoning himself with alcohol as Gorbunov . Others entered the path of rebellion and revenge landlord for their fate (remember the tragedy serf artist Magpies ) .

There was no area of ​​art where the artist would not land put his talent . One of the objectives of our work - search and publication of works serf artists .

High , but the ceremonial art form designed to strengthened and position of the ruling class in the works serf masters slowly , almost imperceptibly modifies the side of truth and realism.

" Not being able to flatter and being by nature a realist, in the past based on a mural splint, wooden folk sculpture , striking his vitality , " land "the artist unconsciously prepared the later flowering group Wanderers Perov and appearance ." In these words there is some truth . The images of the folk art surrounding the serf artist , he grew up , found himself close and formed his creative flair , accustomed feel the shape and beauty. This is especially applicable to our " Arzamasians ", which were surrounded by a variety of sources of folk art in the Arzamas district in the county , from the elaborately carved woodwork, centered in the XVIII century and the first half of the XIX century was Arzamas. Pottery , tile manufacturing calico and silk naboechnoe production , carpet , felt - padded (" felts paint" ) , lace , gold embroidery , knitting, art , art coppersmiths , etc. - all this gave them a fresh experience sharp n art of the masses .

school

On his return in 1802 from St. Petersburg AV STUPIN immediately seriously set about organizing his school of painting. He took over the teaching of special subjects and the general management of the school. For teaching general subjects - history, geography, arithmetic, penmanship and the law of God , he invited teachers Arzamas Folk School.

Soon AV Stupin was adopted n made ​​a big order with a Georgian prince . Katunkah on registration of the temple, which was written to 90 paintings, stucco exterior work performed . This work has taken two years and gave them about three thousand rubles. This enabled him to buy a large house near the town Yurlova for 2800 rubles for the school.

" Bought the house was strong, but built in the old days ." To him completely adapted to the new goals in 1813 was made a general restructuring " to your taste " , designed by MP Corinth . Were initially made ​​only the most necessary completion : coachhouse altered in two galleries - the ancient and the picture with five rooms .

In 1808 the school moved to the remodeled building. The building was situated in an elevated part of Arzamas and adjacent to three streets : girders , Trinity and the Musketeers .

When leaving her from St. Petersburg in 1802 AV STUPIN received from the Academy of Fine Arts casts of antiquities , " Gladiator " ( fighter) , " Medici Venus ," " Faun " fifteen different busts and " Anatomy " Houdon . A significant number of prints , sketches , drawings and books , mainly artistic content , he received from his teachers , friends, and bought himself .

Success AV Stopini and his school was large drawings and work received full approval of his teachers. IA Akimov praised : " God forbid though and we drew so ... why not choose all drawn very well."

As a result , for the best work : Gorbunov for a portrait AV Stupin and prints a copy of the Sokolov for a copy of Rubens - " Samson and Delilah " and Lebedev were awarded silver medals. Ctjuhh Raphael was admitted to the Academy at public expense , Gorbunov admitted to the Academy Professor AE Egorov and MP - Corinth to Professor A. Voronikhin .

AV STUPIN received about Mr. Academy and his former professors and well-wishers several textbooks , made ​​a number of purchases of paintings , prints and books and returned to Arzamas to continue their work.

1813 marked in school restructuring and expansion plans for 4'e made ​​MP Corinth .

Visited again this year in St. Petersburg , AV STUPIN made ​​new purchases of books and materials for the school.

From his friend F. M. Sveshnikov he received as a gift
"Teaching Mossilonovy " and AM Ivanov gave him the last remnants of drawings and prints.

1815-1818 gg. were filled with productive work of the whole school in Penza , in the cathedral, in a. Petina near the city and with annenkov . Salma for Mr. Nechayev .

This year AV Stunin in his will from his uncle VV Popov received "quite many books classical , spiritual and historical ."

In 1820, the iconostasis painted in a provincial town repair. In 1822 worked in the cathedral in Nizhny Novgorod , on the fairgrounds . In 1824, at the end of paintings there " got a lot of new prints ... used the pa - Drawing originals up to 1000 rubles. ass. ".

In 1825 AV STUPIN comes back to St. Petersburg with the report and the work of students . Of these, the Academy of Arts awarded Kuzma Makarova 1st silver medal , Ivan Sokolov - 2nd and serf Athanasius Nadezhina (or Nadezhdina ) only evidence for a medal. Academy decided the labors AV Stupin bring to the attention of the king , and the school gave the impression with two statues of Meleager and Apollo.

AV STUPIN this year for the first time introduced the work of his disciples in the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, for which he received as a gift and review school lithographs 39 sheets of drawings by Raphael and other famous artists . Count PI Kutaisov presented a replica of the marble statue of Apollo his collection. PI Kikin introduced him to English artist J. Daoust , who asked AV Stupin give him head boy of his school , and in return gave twelve engraved portraits in England with his work for the War galleries in 1812 .

In 1826, at the suggestion of the Governor-General NA Bakhmet'eva , visited the school was made kind of Arzamas to represent the king.

In 1827 The church itself from landowner Putilova .

In 1828 the works were in the estate Krutitsa .

In 1835 , in Uralsk .

In 1836 AV STUPIN presented to the Academy drawings and portraits of his school . Among the works were four paintings N. Alekseev , drawn from nature , for which the latter was presented in the " scheduled" . Disciples and Paul Rachkova Basil Bovina were given silver medals 2nd dignity. Karp Vinogradov and Pamphylia Neznaevu was declared special praise , and others received "approval and attention ."

In 1837 at the Nizhny Novgorod Fair exhibition pa6ot school king were acquired for 150 rubles . silver two kinds of Nizhny Novgorod - written with nature NM Alexeyev.

In 1839, local icons were written for the church in Chembar , Penza province .

In 1840, an order was received to perform regimental church iconostasis in Nizhny , and took some part in the paintings of the Resurrection Cathedral in Arzamas .

1842 was a difficult year for the school : September 13, barn burned , the fire was extinguished ; October 19 arson was repeated but eliminated , and finally , November 5 for the third time the attackers set fire to a school - " whether motivated by envy , or had in mind plundering of property."

Service with outbuildings burned , school building with sixteen rooms was badly damaged .

Prints, books, pictures were taken out of the fire , but many were stolen and lost. Of the seven statues have only two and fifteen busts - the third part .

AV Stupin with students was forced to seek refuge under another roof.

Twenty- seventh November 1842 AV STUPIN reported the incident to the Academy . With the assistance of conference Secretary VI Grigorovich was presented a petition to the king , who ordered to give Stupin in a lump sum five thousand silver /This amount was soon granted him from Arzamas Treasury. In August 1843 the school started to work in the reconstructed after a fire indoors .

School was a large house with a mezzanine and a mezzanine , possibilities include room AV Stupin , classroom , library , kraskoternyu and four rooms for student bedrooms ( upstairs). The house was sixteen rooms. "In the symmetry of the house " was located two galleries to place paintings, antiques , drawing classes and student copies. For walking and recreation existed garden with gazebo and for household necessities , with garden bath.

Considering the kind of school , reproduced in " Pictures " in 1862 , we have a full understanding of it . The main facade is decorated with four-column portico , on a high base , with a pediment . ** Side facade has two small ornamental portico chetyrehkolonnym separated by fences and gates. Rustic building , and the main facade pushed into the interior of ownership ; Slim came out to the sidewalk grate .

From the above description , we can conclude with certainty that the building is flanked by a small portico galleries , and in the front building are rooms AV Stupin , classrooms , library.

At the end of 1843 Academy donated to the school , instead of lost in a fire , the following statues : Laocoon , Meleager , Venus Medici , Germanicus head : Apollo , Jupiter, Ariadne , Alexander the Great, " Anatomy " Houdon and several busts.

The school building has not been preserved : it was demolished in 1910, but visited it before dismantling N. Wrangel left us a description of the two-color room. According to him, there is " an entire ceiling and side moldings his gray decorated with allegorical figures , caryatids and charming ornament « empire », beautifully stand out against the dark blue background. Unfortunately, barbaric hand did not spare these amazing patterns and rough, solid , clean paint from top to bottom painting has registered all the frescoes , which confirms and located on the ceiling inscription: " Nikolay Sveshnikov straightens 1891 25 hours ."

Exterior courtyard façades preserved in watercolor Ikonnikova AD , the last well preserved from dismantled buildings small caps completion pilaster (who was in the office of Fine Arts , the local Pedagogical Institute ) .

The school accepts students of all juvenile and class rank for six years, with a plateau at 200 rubles a year for teaching drawing, painting and maintenance , except for dresses ; adult students at four - year pays 300 rubles a year, and before - trained for three years with a plateau at 350 rubles per year.

As we mentioned , the students of the school , except for special sessions were educational signs , taught by teachers of the district school .

"House Stupin was extensive : in two halls housed students in the third assistants . There was also a large gallery built especially for statues , antique heads and masses of pictures ... He had countless prints , academic drawings and sketches -all this to help students served rich , drew from the originals , with statues and even from nature, g . sitters is engaging and ... ".

" Things went our systematically and successfully. Top of students sent once a year at the Academy of Fine Arts or the exam, and it often happened that the Academy condescended and sends students to award the silver medal , of course, only the disciples of free titles, and not a serf , though serfs something and it was the largest number ; but at school the differences between the former and there was no - lived , as they say, one soul, one after another were ready to die. . . ".

"Sam was a man of great Stupin , kind, sensitive and humane, expert in his field and a family man - and therefore his aides and senior students were the same . I can not name a single case that any of them ever allowed himself not only pluck or hit any of the students , but even scold someone indecent, but nothing about corporal punishment and say nothing, and did not hear ... " .

"It's nice and useful , we performed hours during holidays. free of serious study . In Stupino had a large library , and we were completely its masters , one of us and was a librarian , and we are , so to speak , read to drunkenness . "

" The passion for reading n recitation was excited in our example Raphael Alexandrovich ( son Stupin . ) ... From him , we , so to speak , contracted poetry ...

Every year at Christmas we certainly was arranged theater - and what theater . Visiting troupe gave in front of him ; Arzamasskaya audience was delighted with him . "

School -based AV Stupin , lasted unchanged until his death ( July 31, 1861 ) , when his heirs were the only grandchildren (children daughter) and son-in - painter N. Alekseev , who worked in St. Petersburg, St. Isaac's Cathedral .

After the death of AV Stupin NM Alekseev petitioned the Academy ; asking to support a school that " benefit brought in that region initially developing the talents of young artists ", and offering himself to succeed the late AV Stupin . For greater convenience and business use NM Alekseev found it necessary to translate the school in Nizhny Novgorod , but without their own funds requested financial assistance of about 5,000 rubles. His petition forwarded to the Ministry of the Academy of the imperial court , from which a reply was received : "His Majesty , having in mind that the aforesaid schools " existed 58 years without any benefits from the government , not deigned to find any basis to the appointment thereof, and at the moment " .

Time passed ; came in 1861 , the government does not need more artificial support academic art traditions . Last give up, though Mr. slow its position nascent realism. The Academy did not believe that at the Arzamas school will be on the same height of the old artistic culture , which has long been the already shaken and was supplanted Here , on the one hand, naturalistic tendencies and trends belated romance, and on the other hand - the realistic trend growth mainly in portraiture .

1862 was the last year in the history of the school Arzamas . N. Alekseev, received a refusal from the Academy of Fine Arts, began to rapid elimination of the school.

Nizhny Novgorod artist AO Karelia had to buy part of the collection , mainly prints and gypsum .

" At the time of my father's arrival in Arzamas for plaster busts and statues , numbering about fifty , there was even a group of Laocoon with children , it was found that the masons who lived in the halls of the museum of the past , trying his tools so amputated noses , hands and feet figures that managed to save only a few academic busts that gave rise already in the Lower school of drawing and painting that my father led until his death thirty-five years , "- wrote AA Karelin .

Many pictures of the museum was purchased Stupino school academics - mozaichist AN Frolov , donated to different persons . " Stupinsky rastaskan museum was the light of daylight ."

After the revolution, a number of materials was in Gorky ( Nizhny Novgorod former ), the museum of the same meeting AO Karelin , b . Ponetaevsky monastery Arzamas district , where there was a large number of prints, mostly religious , once belonged to the congregation AV Stupin .

Two school bust of Jupiter and Lucius Verus - hit the studio Gorky State University and were in the Workers' and "Anatomy " Houdon came to classes Pedagogical Institute.

The building of the school , as we have said above, it was occupied by the Trinity Church and parochial schools in 1910 , apparently because of decay , was dismantled .

"Without education in vain all diligence ;

Sculpture - kukolstvo ,

and Paintings - Marani " .

KHERASKOV

AV STUPIN in his memoirs in 1847 , wrote: "Based on the example of his own school , though in miniature, academic , but at least began to give classes methodical manner exported workshops originals anticheskih heads and figures around him giving an example all the time " and works for the benefit of devoting my pupils ."

Expressed AV Stupin thoughts give us the right to assume that a small provincial school for this era was , however, a distant but still Skolkov with the Academy of Arts . Figuratively Academy were relatively long and appears to be completely out of reach for Arzamas . They echoed their copy, but it's time , and they were gradually forgotten , and art came to be seen in a different light .

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Son AV Stupin , Raphael A. , after returning from the Academy of Fine Arts for eight years worked in Arzamas school as head of a drawing class , coined with the last drawing prints , pen straight no outline pencil , increase and decrease figures against the originals. He also discovered a promising class , from which emerged the artists : Nikolai Alexeyev , V. Rayev , V. Shchegol'kov , K. Makarov, hares, wolves and others. He was an innovator in the field of teaching . Leaving school , RA STUPIN continued his artistic work is Arzamas . Results of his pedagogical work he left us in the manuscript of the "Course of drawing and painting ", which we can consider as a guide , born of the Arzamas , under a provincial school and characteristic methods and policies , which she lived in their best years .

In his preface to the manuscript , which was called entirely : "Science of drawing and painting , with guidance to the right and accelerate the achievement of their knowledge . Drafted by the Imperial Academy of Arts artist 1st dignity of historical painting and Stupin medalist Raphael , "the author wrote:" I have written this brief guide to drawing and painting, which , in some way , you can replace the teacher in the classroom so useful , and on the success of the add indisputably , all your happiness depends . Artist, realized the mystery of the elegant and Prilep never be orphaned in this world . it is through having a surefire way to keep yourself in the physical life , will always find joy in her talent as a friend in a close embrace . An artist a genius exalt above ordinary people , in another sphere of his moral being, where he , in the charm of his creative imagination , the most in the world will behold the best. Of course , the acquisition of this excellent gift fraught with piles , but patience and diligence all overcome . And lest any works you alleviate these and the path leading to your purpose , cut , I , for philanthropy , outlined these rules gleaned much teaching , so many experiences I have gained . If they bring the desired benefit you , I'll be abundantly rewarded and happy. "

Stepping further RA wrote: " My friends! Eight years old sacred title of your teacher , my continuous effort was to deliver much more than can be good, you have betrayed me acquired knowledge. Your lack of diligence replaced uchilishchnyh our benefits, and now , when the school is equipped with all the necessary circumstances ottorgnuli from you and me together deprived pleasant pleasure to be guided by your teaching; but separation did not change her to you my location. Wishing you happiness, along with Mr. Sim , striving for the common good - for many of you are preparing for the education of others. "

The content of this " Special courses " we can not be attributed to a completely independent surveys website .

Our author was not end , but more a collector and systematizer rex knowledge about art that were prevalent in the first half of the XIX century in Russia.

In his preface the author rightly pointed out the lack of guidelines for students as teaching is mainly verbal , so not every person can use these instructions : " born with a great talent, but at a distance from the schools " will be unable to obtain the necessary " learning from others, must reach the entire of itself ; And this is a very difficult road . "

"In order to benefit others, I decided to present the initial rules for those wishing to learn the arts sim , especially for those who are deprived of the ways these should borrow from people knowledgeable on the sim parts , and wherein the vastness of our country's lack of visible ".

Role of Arts n value determined by the following words : "Prisoners paintings accidents vision as the right way to the heart than the pleasure benefits ; showing the duties of man , it creates the noble rules - then made more sensitive , rapid excitement calms passions - Tips to virtue and peace and delight to dwell in the soul . "

Drawing is necessary as an adjunct art for many sciences : " By drawing personified , so to speak , the words and thoughts of man ... ". "Painting is a direct path to the soul ; nothing could be better adapted to the concepts of the crowd ... "in comparison with other forms of art .

Then he prefaces "explanation relating to drawing and painting some commonplace sayings ." Here, in alphabetical order, an explanation of the special terms used in art. Just given them 275 and nine appendices with notes. Terms are , except Russian , even in the French transcription , broken down into groups of sections that branch of art to which the term belongs . Explanation of some of them brings a smile , when compared with the present level of our knowledge , but for the time analysis of nearly 300 ( often foreign) was a matter of great words that helped bring them to the practical , everyday use.

Analyzing on the origin of art , the author notes that " drawing and painting come from the most primitive people , koi on instinctual drive to imitate initiated drawing though in rough outline, but time n experienced people brought infant - primitive art to improvement."

" The same can be attributed to the painting - can be the first spot any colored earth or colored juice plants, plastered on the drawing , formed tsvetotvorchestvo centuries and came to the charming coloring Koredzhievoy nights and other wondrous creations ."

Next the author proceeds to a brief general discussion of art of all peoples and all times. "

Turning to an analysis of Western art , the author notes :

"New people, and their efforts to religion demanded magnificent temples and feudalism needed invincible stronghold of dwellings, and why there was an architecture that , but despite the taste , no friendliness of building materials and climate , adopted different styles and characters ."

In the revival of painting , the author notes two ways , one of which can be compared with the didactic or allegorical poetry, and the other - with lyricism.

Talking about the merits of the school of Michelangelo, he said: " He imprinted indelibly sculpture and painting their austere character, and therefore his followers instead of seeking to acquire more amenities glory anatomist , from what works and show their muscles and strained exhibition movements."

Find a pointed remark : " Bologna school from age Karachi has a smart connection in due course all parts of the painting ."

In the matter of architectural styles , he expressed the following thought : " I ​​will plant in the whole of Europe imitative new Italian architecture , but with the sim , especially folk , " in buildings stripped comfortable and national identity IPT original character architecture. Besides , crushing and colorful art of building ancient contraption and new styles of architecture rejected aesthetic beauty . " Then we read that the painting " of didactic arts craft became after the acquisition only for gain. "

In concluding its review of Art of the West, the author turns to the Russian art , noting its development since the establishment of the Academy of Arts ( 1761 ) . He distinguishes architects : Starov Kokorinov Zakharova , Stasov Voronikhin Mikhailova ; sculptors Kozlowski , Martos , Prokofiev ; painters : Historic kind - Losenko , Akimov Ugryumova , Shebuyev Egorova ; portrait - Kiprenskyy , Warnecke ; vidopisi - Vorobyov , Shchedrin ; engraving - Berseneva , Utkin and others.

Recommends disassemble artistic works , noticing the beauty and shortcomings of the latter in consultation with knowledgeable people , as well as read critiques of these works , but when reading " should be careful - do not take for fair judgment erroneous ."

Recommends " enrich themselves sciences." Especially when they are needed , " the image of objects , not forthcoming before his eyes ." Science, which are in contact with the drawing and painting : perspective , anatomy, architecture, sacred history , secular , natural, basnoslovie , iconology , archeology, geometry, physics and chemistry . With iconology " enlighten all emblems ." "Chemistry is useful for painting on incoming materials in it , on which depends the comfort, durability and dignity of work." " Science is the right way , lead to greater success in the arts ."

The author takes the reader on a drawing accessories , giving their images . Next is a brief outline of the plane geometry , equipped with necessary drawings and tasks ( drawing geometric shapes , geometric transformation of planes , etc.) Copyright stipulates : " In laying out some rules of practical geometry , I did not mean to be a math teacher . My aim is that , that show no evidence of surface drawing commonplace figures included in the drawing . "

Giving assignments or drawing simple to complex examples , the author expresses the idea "that the disciples left at any time in his teaching , could show that he learned that the wonder and thoroughly knows that at this time to know is possible."

In the matter of perspective suggests linear and air - light or darkness , explaining statement accompanying drawings .

Giving the rudiments of architectural details ( providing pictures and drawings ) , he goes on to anatomy, dwelling on the description of body parts. His instructions : " outlining the shape should first of all find the ensemble position or movement of the figure ; equal proportion in the main parts , such as: head to the torso , legs and arms , with the aforesaid light features and the major muscles . " Only after verification of the original recommends " draw in completely ."

" To know more and more clearly the structure of the human body , you can learn with anatomical drawings - epidemiology ; but do not go into a lot of study of anatomy , so as not to get used to drawing to detail and dryness . " After drawing the original figures recommends draw with prints. "The use of the image of man in any form, and fill memory materials for drawing from imagination ."

Recommended to observe nature and to draw from it , thus enriching memory Skill hands and your portfolio.

The method of work, he says : "I can not agree with their methods of teaching to take the course , starting with the parts of the face in order to draw human cognition ; knowledge very far removed from the beginning : the knowledge orphaned and dry with no connection to other subjects . "

Returning again to the anatomy (Chapter XVII), he points out that " Anatomy for the artist does not have a goal, but only means to an end."

Anatomy of the author worked through , directed by JV Buyalsky and enjoyed anatomical courses Zagorski P. and E. Mukhin .

Giving explanations of classical statues , the author points to the literature : " Must read description elegant antiquity : Winckelmann Melitsiya , Veskonti , Lessing , Thiersch , and many others , but Winkelmann preferred way ."

Giving the most popular sketches of sculptures : Germanicus , Hercules ( Farnese ) , fighters, or Gladiator , Laocoon , Apollo, Venus n others, it applies to the last two verses :

" Onion rings , arrow quivers ,

Python and clubs hanged ;

And the victory of your face shine,

Apollo Belvedere . "

( L. Pushkin . Epigram ) .

"I see, I see Apollo

At that moment , as he battled Python

His divine arrow.

Toothed lightning flashes .

Rings in hand deflated onions,

Snake terrible gaping

And with a roar emits spirit ... ".

"I am thy marvelous view , Venus, strikes

And along with these the mind - ignorance produces ;

What a wonderful genius - you vozmog

Great Praxiteles - carve stone .

Is it not the god Parnasskii

Your graven image honored create

To all the people who deceived

And perfection is surprised . "

Chapter XXII author states: " The writing is : 1) to select an action , 2) in the arrangement of objects among themselves, 3) in the guise of figures 4) circumlocution , 5) in the light , a) in the right - an elegant figure , and finally 7 ) in clear terms . "

" Custom essay topics should be selected such that there were entertaining and instructive ", " . Than painting .. Especially historical kind should be enjoyable and useful . "

Copyright relates to a composition and other matters of art. Some lost chapters and pages is not a complete "course" , but still on a number of statements , we can conclude that the method of teaching, which could be practiced under the Arzamas School of Painting .

Chronicle school

His first disciples were AV Stupin Lev Ivanov and Gabriel Frolov ; He took them in 1797 and worked with them on the paintings .

Returning from St. Petersburg in 1802 , he immediately began
to the organization of the school. Slowly improving performance , to a new
inherently not easy in the conditions of the time and in such
provincial town , as Arzamas .

But , despite this, to 1809 AV STUPIN had significant outcomes , which allowed him to travel to the capital . He there , brought the school , as we already know , and took with him his son and pupil of Raphael Ivan Gorbunov , who have been trained in the school and sent for further exercises in the classes of the Academy. There he brought Michael and Corinth - self-taught carver , who owed ​​his artistic development school, although he was not her permanent student. All three were taken to the Academy , and works submitted were approved , since the latter , according to the Council , "not only in the figures have revealed quite a good success , but in most Kohler have content knowledge ."

Of the students who were at that time , it should be noted Ivan Lebedev , whom his father thanked Stupin in the following words : "From the boorish returned it to me a good man , a dutiful son and a useful citizen ." emj in 1809 was sent to the Academy silver medal for the submitted work . Since 1810 , he began work as a teacher in painting in Arzamas district school .

Ivan Gorbunov, entered the Academy , worked with AE Egorov , and in 1810 was awarded a silver medal. Back in Arzamas, was an assistant AV Stupin and the first teacher of the school . In 1817, for a portrait AV Stupin received from the Academy of first degree certificate .

In 1810, the school sent a teacher of drawing in Nizhny Novgorod public school , and make a presentation at the same positions in the region . Balakhna and Arzamas.

In 1811, sent from Arzamas the school were on display at the Academy of Fine Arts . Academy sent AV Stupin silver medal " with the permission of the judges give him the best of his disciples ," but sending it did specify that " these medals can only receive free people : it must first know your best pupil of whether such it turns out that it was possible to award the Medal of shoyu , without breaking the rules , the charter of the Academy set only on a freelance artist and not serfs people. "

In response, the AV STUPIN reported in January 1812 , " featuring a large part of the essence of the fortress , and although among these or seven people , and of the free and one of them in all respects, has shown great promise , but short time to the first has not yet reached why I follow the example of all the Academy , and announced on behalf thereof to all the students serf ( Ostafievo Dimitri. - PK ) the best honors in his teaching and behavior that he , being worthy of others, though and could use thereof , but not the former but w free , by virtue of academic regulations can not get it . "

Copy of the warrant AV STUPIN landowner sent Koshkareva - owner serf artist , "so he had more attention and deserve justice gave his pet talents ." In the same letter, he informed the business of sending finished school at the Academy for continuing education , but unfortunately , their names were not listed .

In 1812 sent to school work were on display at the Academy of Fine Arts . The report of the exhibition , published in " Petersburg Gazette " were mentioned and works Stupino school.

In 1813 two students on the " designated otzhitii years departed to their masters " in their place came two new ones. Gorbunov returned , we talked about , and began teaching at the school. The name of a talented Gorbunov linked Epoch best school.

In the same year the school was at the next exhibition at the Academy.

In 1814 the Academy was sent home from school pupil P. Venetian .

In 1815 , the Academy sent 2nd silver medal worthy of the disciples , who was awarded the student to gain freedom . One of the graduates of the school was submitted in a drawing teacher in Gorbatov .

In 1816, among the new entrants were : Kuzma Makarov, Ivan Sokolov and others.

In 1817 was fifteen years of school during this period has passed forty five students.

In 1818, one of the students who have graduated from school (I. Parrots . - P K ) was sent to the Academy and was a professor Ivanov.

In 1819, the Academy returned Raphael Stupin and organized promising class from which , as we pointed out , has produced many artists: Rayev , Alekseev, Nadezhdin Kashyrin , Shchegol'kov , Makarov , Galyanov fire, Volkov and others.

In 1820, one of the students at the school was sent to the Academy for improvement.

In 1821, one of the students was sent to St. Petersburg and was Academician DI Antonelli .

In 1822, two students who graduated from the course, determined in a drawing teacher .

In 1823, a retired art teacher in Balakhna .

In 1825, the school consisted of twenty six students.

From a letter to the AV Stupin Society for the Encouragement of Arts From March 9, 1825 , we learn "Register disciples who are in school and released ."

This year the Academy awarded silver medals : Kuzma Makarova - 1st dignity, Ivan Sokolov - 2nd dignity and Athanasius Nadezhdina as unfree only evidence for a medal 2nd dignity , pending release.

In 1826, two students identified by teachers drawing , one in Makarov , another in Vasilsursk .

In 1828, students were presented work , written from life ; portrait of one and three - picture " Dedilly , Narcissa and the Beggar ", as the first fruits after the establishment of full-scale class fifteen drawings from the originals with angika and five drawings prints , pen right , and two prospects per pupil of his work . One student was eliminated in Saransk .

In 1829, three students identified by teachers of drawing in Kazan province : in the cities . Chistopol Tsivilsk and Tsarevokokshaisk , and one presented in Serpukhov .

In 1833, referred Pozharova portrait work , and by the definition of the Academy of Arts of praise for the work taken out Voronov and Klimantova .

In 1834, a partial part of the school curriculum guide AV Stupin gave his son- NM Alekseev.

In 1836 , summing up the 35-year existence of the school , AV STUPIN indicates the total number of students in this period , 109 people, of which " came out " (ie, I - okonchilo. . K. ) 94 people of them 24 people consisted of drawing teachers in various educational institutions .

In the same year determined W. Shchegol'kov in Permian High School , and one was presented in Irbit.

In 1839, one of the graduates was identified Sergach . other - in Semenov, Nizhny Novgorod province . Great successes have shown V. Bovin , P. crustaceans K. and P. Vinogradov unknowing .

From the Academy ( detection of 15 /16 December 1839 ) assigned the second medal dignity crustacean P. and V. Bovina , praise Neznaevu n K. P. Vinogradov .

In 1842, one of the students has been identified as a drawing teacher in Arkhangelsk, two have received awards from the Academy of Fine Arts .

In 1842, an arson attack severely damaged the school building . On the restoration of the school , as we have already noted , was given assistance by the government, and the following year classes were normal.

In 1845 AV STUPIN forwarded to the Academy of six paintings ( from nature ) distinguished disciples -H . Rachkova and I. Sveshnikov - and twenty- five drawings ( with original plaster heads and antique pieces ) other students.

In 1847 AV STUPIN wrote to the Academy : "Since 1845 the school has increased my acceptance in the judges 6 free students and although they could still multiply by 5 students , but I had to refuse them because they were the landlords , which I did not accept , for the same reasons , of which I have already reported to the Academy " (this was the first speech . - I . /g.)

In 1854 AV STUPIN in his report gave a summary of his disciples , which are for the whole period of the school was 150.

Finished its report on September 30, 1854 , AV STUPIN wrote: " For my part, I guess the same firm intention , despite the 79 -year-old age my continue my works to the end of my days as my strength to allow the general welfare in the formation of young people . "

School lasted only until the end of the life of the AV Stupin - up in 1861 , and the following year was completely eliminated .