[navymast]

The history of human exploration of the ocean is almost as old as the history of mankind. Build the same sailing ships mankind learned much later than it started to settle in coastal areas of seas and oceans. But, once having learned to sail, people did not lose this ability and to this day. Changed the value of a sailing ship in the economic, political, research, and cultural life of mankind. Change the materials, technology, design and construction of sailing ships. Sailing for fun and sport occupies in the life of a growing number of people the same place, which took it to travel by car. This trend is more typical for countries that are prosperous in economic terms. But, despite the economic and political turmoil the last 20 years, in Russia the situation in Ukraine from sailing ship-building has changed dramatically. And global trends begin to affect the situation in the shipbuilding and sailing in our countries. But in this article I want to address issues not sailing ship building or sailing navigation. I want to talk about art, which is directly and closely related to the art of creating a sailing ship. It's about sudomodelizme, and in particular about the art of creating models of sailing ships.

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I'm sure that among the readers there are those who in their lives faced with information about the models of sailing ships, which can rightly be called works of art. Perhaps it had personal experiences when visiting maritime museums in Europe, exhibitions or sporting events on bench models. Perhaps these impressions were formed as a result of personal contact with artists who build such models of sailing ships. But for the vast majority of readers, model sailboat is a handicraft artists who exhibited in the gift shop or online store. And that's it for this large part of the magazine's readers, this article can open the hitherto unknown facts about the history of art to create models of sailing ships. That, if not history, with its depth, instructive and diversity, as well as possible can illustrate the importance to humanity of a cultural phenomenon? Perhaps nothing. Therefore, I shall acquaint you with the art of ship modeling is a story about its history. I will not overload the story with special technical and craft aspects. Let's start learning about the history of constructing models of sailing ships. Most authors who have written history sudomodelizma, tend to view archaeological finds in Egypt and the cities of Mesopotamia (Ur was excavated in southern Mesopotamia, 1929) as the oldest ship models. Photos on 03/01 you can see objects that were found in burial chambers of Egyptian pyramids. In this case, they depict boats and small ships with figures of paddlers and passengers. Wood and clay, painted with colors - these are the materials used to manufacture these items. Found objects, which are used for the manufacture of gold and silver. Their appointment, we can judge only on those reconstructions of rituals and ceremonies, whose description was read. Those professionals who are engaged in deciphering the surviving texts, is credited with the subjects in the sacred, ritual significance. Quote: "The Egyptians believed that after death the soul must cross the mythical river Abilaus therefore among the objects that formed the Egyptian tombs, and found the model ships made by the then craftsmen. According to the ideas of Egyptologists, the cosmogonic view of the ancient Egyptians were fixed in the form of rituals, sacraments and ceremonies. During these ceremonies and rituals were used, including, and various items. In our case, it's images and figures of boats and ships. A sudomodelizma historians tend to call these things yet, and the first "models" of ships and boats. Thus, the reviewed story sudomodelizma extended by these authors at 5500 years ago. Not every skill mankind can boast such a long history. Maybe (this is my opinion), it is the driving reason, to call these archeological findings "models" of ships. If you do not set ourselves the task of clarifying the reasons for such withdrawal sudomodelizma historians, it is possible to agree with them and put a point here. Especially because it coincides with the views the general public that such a model ship. Indeed, the subjects clearly reminiscent of ships and boats, which were then used in those states for navigation on a real river and sea. These items are small, simplistic - does this really the model ships. But I will allow myself to express doubts about the possibility to treat these items as a "model ships". As the author's hypothesis. So, what I think is questionable and wrong? From my point of view, treating numerous archaeological findings as a "model ships", the authors of such historical essays allow a significant error. They separate these items from the ritual and substantive clearance of the ritual. From a holistic scenario funeral transition in "Afterlife", which was recorded in the structure of the burial structures, preparation of the burial chamber, recruitment, placement and design of objects, the authors pull out some things (in this case, objects depicting boats and ships) and assign them name "model of the ship." And then treat the appointment of "ship model" in this ceremony. It seems to me that it would be better to treat the whole ritual as a "model". And even more so, we can not treat these subjects as a model of "ship". Because such direct parallels in the esoteric knowledge can now only cause confusion and a smile. This echoes an atheistic upbringing - the perception of religious beliefs as a fiction, delusion, erroneous and simplistic notions about the world. Then, on what the deceased pharaoh had to "cross the river" was not "ship". And the "river" is, of course, was not water. I even wrote a little anecdote on this subject (for understanding some of the meanings of words and anecdotes, readers are sure to look out for 3.2 series saga of Harry Potter). The action takes place in Diagon Alley. Muglia, a historian sudomodelizma, comes into the shop, which displays and sells a variety of magical items. Behind the counter salesman. A visitor begins to consider what is exposed on the counter and shelves. Suddenly his attention was attracted by one subject. It fits and starts his detailed discussion. The seller offers his services to the explanation of an object. "A wonderful choice, it is the latest model trangressiruyuschego portal. Seller sees the shadow of incomprehension on the face of the visitor, and begins to explain the essence of the transgression and the principles of the portal. At some point he utters the phrase: "You are like floating in space ....". On the face of the visitor a glimpse flashes of understanding. "And I realized, this model of the ship ... ..". Here is a direct interpretation of the purpose of archaeological finds, which led historians, reminds me of this anecdote. This is my personal opinion on what is commonly called "the oldest ship models. That I want to emphasize on the relation of archeology and sudomodelizma. Those archaeological remains, which are exhibited in museums around the world can certainly be used by historians and modellers to reconstruct the appearance of real ships of any era. And based on these reconstructions can be built ship models of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Phoenicia, Greece, Ancient Rome, etc. In the past 50 years, the construction of "remakes" of old ships is becoming more widespread. These copies are used by researchers and historians to test hypotheses about a possible settlement as a separate archipelagos and continents in different historical epochs (expeditions of Thor Heyerdahl, Tim Siverina and many other researchers). For the construction of these copies were involved descriptions and archaeological finds, which have preserved information about the appearance and technology of construction of ancient ships. The next big piece of history sudomodelizma called everything connected with Votive models. Photo 4-5. That is what is usually written on the subject. "Cult use of models of ships was also shared with Christianity. Thus was born the class Votive models. The interiors of many Catholic cathedrals in the world adorn the court-Votive made by sailors in the long-distance sea voyages and donated to churches in gratitude for safe return. Votive objects, votive gifts (Latin votivus - dedicated to the gods of votum - vow, a desire) - different things, brought by a gift of god for a vow for healing or performance of any desire. The custom of offering votive items - a softer form of sacrifice. The tradition is known since the time of caveman and surviving. Model of the ship as a symbol and embodiment of the real ship, brought as a gift and was placed in the church for divine protection and patronage. The meaning of such Modelling - an embodiment of the real ship in the image of the model for the higher powers. Punctual adherence to technical features and details did not matter. Most of the oldest, surviving European models belong to this class. It is no secret that the success of the Church of the gift depended on its value. Not every subject was worthy of space in the church. " I have almost nothing to add on this fragment of history, compared with what I wrote about Egypt. From my perspective, here's this piece in the quote: "The custom of offering votive items - a softer form of sacrifice, most vividly characterizes this stage of history sudomodelizma. Models of these objects can be called from my point of view, with the same stretch of the imagination and on the same grounds as the archaeological finds. And again - votive objects that capture the look of the ships of that era are a source of information for modelers of today. In the photo you see Votive-ships that are suspended on the banners under the arches of the Catholic Cathedral. So, if you follow the logic of my reasoning, the history sudomodelizma decreased markedly. And we come to the time that could be called the epoch of formation of the main stylistic, aesthetic, technical and vocational principles sudomodelizma. The most significant contribution to the art of making models of sailing ships (if appropriate here to speak about the geographical or national anchor) has made the United Kingdom, or rather master shipbuilders who worked in the shipyards of this country. Quote: "shipbuilding practices ages 16-17 did not know the design documentation and drawings (and other technical activities). It can hardly be called a blueprint, in the modern sense of the term, the documents of the era. Drawing, sketch - this is the most suitable name for the graphics of the time. Model for the time, was the most successful way to show the features of future spacecraft. But we must remember that the objectives of such a model were strictly limited. Show the contours and dimensions of the main body, the general plan of decks and artillery, the decor. That's all basic tasks. The high degree of detail and a strict scale of parts of speech was not. Had the opportunity to demonstrate some constructive solutions to housing and design features. But even these models were not only utilitarian in nature. After the demonstration, and approval of the project, they were intended as a gift, as a matter of great value and prestige. Model is often built not "before" and "in" construction of a real ship. " And again: "At the beginning of the XVII century. Phineas Pett, the commissioner of docks at Chatham (London), officially begins manufacturing the first model of the English courts. It really was an era that laid the fundamental principles of this art. And I readily agree with the estimates of this phase of history sudomodelizma as I can see for themselves the basis of these estimates. What is it? I believe that the ship models that were created in this era, created specifically as a "model" and specifically as a "model ships". Which is not true of earlier objects, which are called "models of ships." I have already explained in the first section. If we now start to seriously delve into the historical reality, we will lose track of the cognitive genre article. This I do not want to. Therefore, I will do here is how. I will mention here the meaning of the model, which indicates the roots of the emergence and formation of the concept. You are able to reconstruct my conclusions as to why I think the model of this period, "models" and Pharaoh's boat - no. So. Quote, from a very long and very complexly article: "The word" model "comes from the Latin word« modus, mo dulus », which means: measure, image, fashion, etc. Its original meaning was associated with the building arts, and almost in all European languages, it was used to refer to a sample or prototype, or things similar in some respects with the other thing. That is, the most common meaning of the word "model", apparently served as a basis to use it as a scientific term in the mathematical, natural, technical and social sciences. " For me, that's such an interpretation of the definition of "model" coincides with the appointment, which models of ships held in the shipbuilding in England. Ie where actually appeared sudomodelizm as a separate art. And now, I want to explain to readers why it's art in England and then France, Holland, Spain and partly in Russia has become not only one of the crafts which serve the needs of shipbuilding and became a phenomenon of cultural life in these countries. To understand what shaped the "small" story sudomodelizma thing to remember about the "big" story that has shaped the environment for the emergence of sudomodelizma. This is the time (16-18 cc.) History of Europe is seething and bubbling events that shaped the new face of the European world order. And the ship as a universal and multifaceted means of achieving the objectives of cultural expansion, state and economic policy becomes an important attribute of this new European world order. And it is changing the role of craft in the cultural, economic and political life of European states, is refracted in a "small" history sudomodelizma. Refracted significant changes in the approach to the tasks and goals that are assigned to the simulation of ships. Models are starting to build and use their own as a model. And that is how the model ships. Begins to form a clear line of utilitarian use of models. Their use for the needs of shipbuilding. Whether it is the needs that arise during the design. Or project presentation to a potential customer or-makers on the need to finance the construction of this ship. Or during construction of the ship itself. Or in the training of officers and crews. In the future the practice of constructing and using models for utilitarian use allocated to a separate specialized craft - the technical layout. "Since the beginning of 18 century practice of constructing a" utilitarian "models released in the work of building the technical layout of individual sections, units or structures. There is a sharp separation of a model practice for scale models and layouts. Technical and academic pursuits continue to serve as models and are very successful so far. Older, larger model 1: 10, 1:12 is the same as Prototype series with specific learning objectives. Technical models successfully build now, and they perform their tasks in the design and calculation of actual ships. Only sudomodelizmom it is not considered. " Photo 6-9. And if the technical layout is more or less clear that the creation of "bench" model I would like to understand in more detail. "Stand model" concept, of course, modern. It has not been used for classification models 17-18 cc. Bench model characterized by the fact that it creates in the first place for enjoyment and pleasure from the look of the model for decorating the premises where such a model is exposed. Time when they were created true masterpieces of the bench or "aesthetic" (my name) modeling, is 18 - the beginning of 19 centuries. If we talk about the geography of the establishment or the nationality of these masterpieces, then this is not about all European countries. Primarily, this England - the famous British model in the style of the Admiralty. Photos 10 - 15. This is France. Photos 16 - 19. Part of Spain, Holland and Russia. What are the historical conditions were decisive for the necessity and possibility of creating these masterpieces in these countries? What was decisive for the change in approaches to the creation of models - from the stylistic imitations of the subject up to the engineers thought out and highly artistic (as an object of art) of these models? From Votive-ships, to the secular luxuries that aristocrats decorated their palaces, which royalty received a gift or built their own hands? What changes in public perception, allowed to treat these subjects as works of art? I'll try to summarize the answers to these questions. In the second article series, I'll explain in detail his thoughts about the working principles of the master modelers who build and build models of sailing ships as a work of art of ship modeling. Here, writes David Howarth in his book "Battle sailboats, ed. "Terra", 1998, regarding the changes that have undergone a ship as an instrument of state policy at this time: ".... The sea became the scene of fighting, but an instrument was something not used in the past - ... huge sailing navy. They formed the States of the opponents of military ships - boats, specially designed for battle, armed with heavy guns and manned by professional sailors who fought in accordance with accepted .... tactics. All this was new in the fight at sea ... .. Was new and the creation of large specialized agencies - the Admiralty, which existed to ensure the operation of fleets work shipyards, arsenals and warehouses, as well as crews prepare and monitor compliance with the established order of service. " The tool has been created. Sophisticated and effective. And the tasks that were assigned to this instrument, were radically different from the previous objectives of European policy. It was about global expansion of European culture, the struggle for world domination between the individual countries of Europe. For example, the Anglo-Dutch naval wars mid-17 century. laid the foundations for a new leader of world trade - The Netherlands lost a place in England. And the British Empire, created largely due to maritime trade and the British navy, kept it dominated until the late 19 th century. Establishment and functioning of such an important instrument of state, economic and cultural life, has resulted in a revision to the level of social consciousness of the whole complex of ideas that define the status and importance of the various spheres of public life. A little exaggeration, one can compare progress in the social perception of time due to the changing role of the ship and the ship's fleet, with the changes that have occurred in the public consciousness thanks to the emergence of the computer. The world simply has changed dramatically. And the status of the professions that serve this area are a person's life is quite different than it was 60 years. A small touch to this change in public consciousness may be the fact that in all maritime countries in Europe at this time marine theme is a familiar story in works of art - painting, primarily. And the ship itself was very different. I would say that he was over-saturated the resources that he invested in the state, who saw it as their future and the future. Resources, intellectual, physical, artistic, human. I will describe one of the most outstanding vehicles, created by British shipbuilders sailing fleet, "Sovereighn of ze Seas" (Lord of the Seas): "His appearance symbolized the longstanding desire of England to rule the world. From shtevnya to shtevnya ship covered thread, painted and gilded ornaments. Furnishings ship reflects the style of Baroque XVII century, with its extravagance. On its stern light was installed, so huge that it could fit 12 people. The cost of the ship was a huge sum for that time - 40000 pounds. It was established 104 bronze cannon. The command of this giant in wartime was 800 people. " From my point of view, it is the totality of all these factors set the stage for the flourishing of the art of making models of sailing ships in the leading maritime states of Europe in 18-19 centuries. No trades, namely art. Because such a brilliant human culture, which is rightly a sailing ship, was able to be perpetuated through the arts. And they found the master, who turned this opportunity into reality. Anahin Vitaly, Kharkov, Ukraine. Mast workshop "Wharf on the table." Link to article http://workshop.modelsworld.ru/section12_article183.php Link to the discussion of the article http://forum.modelsworld.ru/viewtopi...t=6635&start=0