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Сообщение от Eugene

Feature enamel - a type of applied arts of China, in the manufacture of goods which is used enamel jewelry - a special alloy of glass, which overlay on a metal base. In the era of the Qing Dynasty most widely used technique of cloisonné (also known under its French name cloisonné), notched (champlevé) and painted enamels. The term "cloisonne" - descriptive and means "divided by a partition, and hence there was a Russian term" enamel ". First, the surface of metal object soldered edge of thin metal strips, then in accordance with the orchestrated pattern or ornament formed septa cell filled with multicolored enamel, after which the product is baked, and then its surface is ground and polished.

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The term "shampleve" can be translated as "to remove the surface, hence the" champleve enamel. It is more easy to manufacture: the surface of a metal object by means of engraving or embossing recess, which is then filled with multicolored enamel. A third vehicle - it is painted enamel, when the metal coated with white opaque enamel, painted with colored enamels, and then the product is baked. All three techniques work with enamels were imported into China from other countries, but later in the context of Chinese aesthetics, they got a new reading and transformed into unique types of applied art in China.

Exquisite cloisonne enamel technique has wide application and reached a high level of performance even in Byzantium in the X-XV centuries. In China products made in the technique of cloisonne, came during the reign of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty and became known as the "Arab enamels. The Arab enamels is highly valued for the unusual combination of shiny gold thread walls with bright colored enamel cells. During Jintao (1450-1456) early Ming to choose the background color cloisonne dominated by blue color, which is why they were called "tszintayskaya blue. Among cloisonne items of that period met with the imperial mark "Jintao", but we know a huge number of later imitations, which also has a such a mark. Therefore, researchers in the issue of authenticating the object and its temporal attribution can not entirely rely on the availability of brands, but must be carefully analyzed the color enamels, decoration and quality of polishing. Distinctive technical features of the early period of Ming cloisonne are the bright colors of enamel, densely filled with the basic patterns of blue background and a clear line of partitions. In the era of the Qing in the technique of cloisonne enamel began to produce larger-sized products, which are decorated with numerous rooms of imperial palaces and temples.

The first products in the technique of painted enamels, were brought to China in the XVII century, European traders and missionaries. They relished the Emperor Kangxi (ruled 1662-1722), and the court had a special workshop to examine the new European technique of painting on enamel and its subsequent production. The art of painted enamels reached the top of the end of the period of Kangxi. Chinese masters began to use new, borrowed in the West, a palette of pink and pale green flowers. This gave them an opportunity to create an elegant decoration of objects with rich color gamut. Gradually, this technique and the new colors began to be applied in the production of porcelain, ceramics and glass. In painted enamel periods reign of Emperor Yongzheng (1723-1735) and Qianlong (1735-1796) further expanded the range of colors, lines and ornaments have become more refined and graceful, decorative increased load of tracks. In addition to vegetable ornaments and the traditional genre of flowers and birds, the Chinese masters of painting in enamels are gradually beginning to apply the portrait painting and landscape sketches that were created in accordance with European artistic techniques of linear perspective and chiaroscuro. Painted enamel Qing court in the richness of colors, variety of subjects of decoration, harmonious combination of aesthetics and Eastern European painting techniques are the best examples of this form of applied art in China.
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Censer incense in the form of a duck. (Cloisonne enamel) from the collections of the National Palace Museum in Taipei.
Ming Dynasty
Height: 24 cm
Length: 25 cm

Сообщение от Eugene

In the era of the Qing Dynasty most widely used technique of cloisonné (also known under its French name cloisonné), notched (champlevé) and painted enamels. The term "cloisonne" - descriptive and means "divided by a partition, and hence there was a Russian term" cloisonne »

Here is an example pair of the sculpture "cloisonne" early 19 th century. Max 57 cm