full legislative, executive and judicial power was Franco. Only he defined legal rules and directions of government. All cabinet members were appointed by Franco. He claimed the decrees and laws. Them or with his consent be appointed senior officials, generals and bishops.
To preserve unity in his camp quite colorful, Franco brought to power its various elements - civil and military, and the Phalange nefalangistov. All of them were represented in the government and other bodies. Not by chance, created in August 1939, called "a political marriage of civil and military elements."
Adoption of the Franco dictatorship was accompanied by massive economic and political reprisals against supporters of the republic. Subjected to ruthless exploitation of the working class: the salary was reduced to the level of 1936, as prices increased by 3-4 times, the abolition of the Republican foreign currency put the population of the former Republican zone in the plight of the hungry and half-starved existence. Agrarian reform of the republic was abolished, the peasants were supposed to return the land to the landlord and the rent for the time of use of land. The arrests, confiscation of property, executions were accompanied by the process of eviction of peasants from the land. Were subjected to repression and Spanish intellectuals. Many prominent writers, artists, scientists were forced to emigrate from the country.
September 5, 1939 Franco's government declared the neutrality of Spain in the Second World War. In June 1940, Franco said that Spain would maintain the position of "active non-combatants", which was manifested in the material assistance of Germany, and in July 1941, twenty thousandth the so-called "Blue Division" was aimed at the Soviet-Germanic front, where about fourteen thousands of Spanish soldiers were killed. Greater participation of Spain in the war on the side of Germany prevented the resistance of the Spanish people: spontaneously in different parts of the country's guerrilla movement arose at the same time directed against the Franco dictatorship.
The change, which in 1943 occurred during the second world war, led on the one hand, to expand antifrankistskogo movement, and, on the other, to change the position of the government of Franco. Communist Party of Spain (KPI) creates several large underground organizations, publishing underground newspapers and magazines. Revived and other forces of opposition: in 1944 an underground anarcho-syndicalist organization, quicken levorespublikanskoe movement. The leaders of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) passively waiting, believing that the defeat of the fascist powers in the war automatically solve the issue, and Spanish. An attempt to overcome the split antifrankistskoy opposition was the creation of juntas of national unity that emerged in France in 1943 under the leadership of CPI, which joined the communists, socialists, anarcho-syndicalists - members of the Resistance Movement in France. In contrast to the junta of National Unity and the Socialists and the Republicans in 1944 created the junta release in Mexico in Toulouse, there is the same junta on the basis of the General Union of Workers (UGT), the National Labor Confederation (CNT), the Socialists and the Republicans. In October 1944 in Spain, formed the Alliance of Democratic Forces, a similar composition Toulouse junta release.
The turning point in the war and Franco forced to change its position: since 1943, begins a departure from Franco's Spain, Germany, attempts to improve relations with the United States, Great Britain. Attempt to adapt to new conditions was the convening in March 1943 Cortes established by the Act of July 17, 1942 Cortes had to make laws "without prejudice to the powers of the President for their approval." The structure of the Cortes were only officials - ministers, advisers, national, provincial mayors, rectors of universities, etc. In October 1943, Franco said that Spain is transferred from the position of "non-belligerent parties" to neutrality. "Blue Division" withdraw from the front. Franco expressed willingness to cooperate with the countries of the coalition, including the Soviet Union, in the work of the Organization of Peace, said that the phalanx is in the process of evolution "that" Spain is on the way to freedom. " Such statements should have been to allow the entry of Spain to the United Nations. However, the country-founder of the UN refused to Spain this conference June 19, 1945
Post this in the Franco circles was disappointing, in opposition circles revived hopes for the imminent collapse of the dictatorship of Franco. In August 1945, Mexico was re-established government in exile headed by Hamid Hirale, which included representatives of Socialists (contrary to the opinion of some leaders of the PSOE), the Republicans and the political faction, a breakaway from the NCP. In early 1946 the Government entered and H. Giral representative KPI - Santiago Carrillo. Now the government in exile were represented all the opposition forces.
Franco's government responded to this new mass repressions, arrests prompted an outcry of world public opinion. In January 1946 the UN General Assembly reaffirmed its decision to refuse the admission of Spain to the UN and its specialized agencies, and in December the countries - members of the UN, it was recommended to withdraw their ambassadors from Spain. The period of international isolation has become a "black night" for Spain. But the main goal - elimination of the Franco regime - these actions the UN has not been achieved. The regime survived, repression in Spain continued. Only the inner struggle antifrankistskih forces could eliminate it.
The struggle of the Spanish people against the Franco regime had not abated, it was growing. Guerrillas Levant and Galicia conduct combat operations, against which the government used the regular units, police and Civil Guard. Revived the strike movement. 1 May 1947 general strike was held in Bilbao - the first major speech of the working class after 1939
Even in circles close to the regime more insistent appeals for "liberalization". Franco and his entourage were opposed to liberalization, and even more so against democratization. But they were forced to maneuver. In mid-1945 was issued the "Charter of the Spaniards, which guaranteed the right to education, freedom, privacy of correspondence, security of person and home. Charter guarantee of freedom of association, but only pursue the permitted purpose, and freedom of expression of ideas, but not contrary to the basic principles of the state. It was reorganized government - only two ministerial posts were occupied by Phalangists.
An important impetus for change was the revival of the monarchist movement: in 1941, died last king Alfonso XIII, in 1942, his son Juan said about their claims to the throne, this claim was supported by the monarchists in Spain. July 6, 1947 in Spain held a referendum on the monarchy, in which the absolute majority of Spaniards (over 14 of the 17 million voters) voted for the restoration of the monarchy. July 26 Franco signed the "Law of Heads of State on succession as head of state, in which Spain was proclaimed" Catholic, social, representative government, which is in keeping with its tradition proclaims itself constituted as a kingdom. " According to the law on the throne could be assigned to the Spaniard, 30 years old, a Catholic, of royal blood. The hopes of the Spaniards that Spain will be after the referendum restored the monarchy, and Franco will take has not been realized because the head of state law is declared, the caudillo of Spain and the Crusades, the armed forces of Generalissimo Francisco Franco Bahamonde. And at the head of state was created and the regency council of the kingdom. But Franco could not name the head of state, who after his death was to be the king or regent. For various reasons, this law did not satisfy either the opposition in general, neither Franco nor the monarchists.
Meanwhile, in 1947 began the period of the Cold War, when there were changes in the position of European countries and the United States against Spain. Particular attention is paid to the U.S., Spain, in preparation for the establishment of the North Atlantic Alliance (NATO). Including Spain to the U.S. unit failed due to resistance from Britain and France, but the United States began providing economic assistance to Spain - in Spain it was placed under the Marshall Plan. U.S. and European countries restored diplomatic and trade relations with Spain, the U.S. could be held in the UN decision to abolish the General Assembly resolution 1946, in 1955 Spain became a member of the UN and all its specialized agencies. In 1953, between Spain and the U.S. signed an agreement on the construction and operation of U.S. military bases in Spain. United States, in turn, pledged to provide economic assistance to Spain. Despite this, surrounded by Franco disputes according to the Spanish-American treaty national interests.
In 1963, the Spanish-American treaty was renegotiated.
In 1966 there was an accident over Palomares.
During the Cold War, Strategic Air Command U.S. Air Forces to conduct Operation Chrome Dome »(Chrome Dome), in which the air was always a certain number of strategic bombers carrying nuclear weapons and are ready at any time to change course and strike a blow at a predetermined targets in the USSR. Such patrols allowed in case of war did not spend time on preparing the aircraft for take-off and greatly reduce its way to the goal.
January 17, 1966 bomber B-52G «Stratofortress" (ser. Number 58 0256, 68 th Bomb Wing, commander Captain Charles Wendorf) departed from Seymour-Johnson Air Force Base (USA) on regular patrols. On board the plane carrying four thermonuclear bombs B28RI (1,45 Mt). The plane was supposed to make two in-flight refueling over the territory of Spain. During the execution of the second refueling around 10:30 local time, at an altitude of 9500 m bomber collided with a tanker aircraft KC-135A «Stratotanker (ser. number 61-0273, 97 th Bomb Wing, commander, Major Emil Chapla) in the area fishing village of Palomares, the municipality of Cuevas del Almanzora.
The disaster killed 7 people and had lost four thermonuclear bombs. Three of them were found immediately, the fourth - only after two months of searching.
The contradictions in the principles of management of nuclear weapons in NATO's command led to the withdrawal of France in 1966 from the composition of the organization. After this incident, Spain refused to condemn France's withdrawal from NATO and limited military action the U.S. Air Force in the country, putting the Spanish-American treaty on military cooperation, and negotiations on vozobnavlenii the treaty in 1968 ended in failure. In 1970, the contract was renegotiated after the resignation of the Spanish Foreign Minister Frank-M.Kastieli in 1969 to improve the Spanish-American relations.
I think that the picture "EKIP Kronik» La rendición de Torrejón (Capitulation (surrender) Torrejon), 1970 (photo 2) - a critical view of art to renew the Spanish-American treaty. This kind of protest against the American military presence in Spain and in particular in Torrejon de Ardoz. By the way, Americans have shown in the foreground, in the hand of "the hatchet».
P.S. The Turn of the ruling circles of Spain to top the 80-ies towards Atlanticist, the entry of Spain, despite the anti-NATO movement in May 1982 in NATO and appeared in connection with the chain of command Spain's foreign policy strategy, NATO provoked suspicion in the Latin American countries, have complicating element in relationship between the Spanish-speaking countries. In all of this was demonstrated a close correlation of domestic and foreign policy of the first postfrankistskih governments.
Many in the country did not support NATO membership. Even in the Union of Democratic Center (CDC), the party of Prime Minister Sotelo (initiator of the entry into NATO), a split occurred.
All these developments led to the appointment of early parliamentary elections, which in October 1982 the Socialists won. General PSOE Felipe Gonzalez formed a one-party cabinet. In the pre-election program PSOE in 1982, its principal place occupied by foreign policy issues. The Socialists have promised to suspend accession talks with Spain's military organization, NATO, and to convene a referendum on the issue, review the bilateral treaty with the United States to better address the interests of Spain, etc. In domestic policy the Socialists promised to find a way out of economic crisis and further democratic reforms.
In foreign policy, F. Gonzalez managed to remove tension in the society regarding the entry into NATO's delay in the referendum. It was held only in 1986 In addition, the Socialists have linked the issue of joining NATO with the issue of the American military presence. The question was put this way: NATO or without the participation of its military organization, or the American military presence. Most Spaniards have chosen NATO.
Negotiations with the United States to reduce American military presence since 1986 were very difficult. Only in 1988 an agreement was reached on reducing the American presence vennogo. U.S. within three years agreed to eliminate its squadron in Torrejon de Ardoz, near Madrid, and use this database only in times of crisis. Envisaged hasty reduction of 50%of the U.S. military presence in other parts of Spain (for the United States remained the three military bases).
In 2001, with the advent of the Spanish Socialist Workers Party, Spain withdrew from the NATO Military Authorities, while remaining a party to the North Atlantic Treaty.
The Spaniards protest against entering Gibraltar American submarine
19:45 07/05/2008
MADRID, May 7 - RIA Novosti. Known Spanish NGO Environmental Effects (ED) protested against the sunset on Wednesday in the port of Gibraltar, the U.S. nuclear submarine USS Florida with nuclear weapons on board ...
http://rian.ru/society/20080507/106837499.html
The Spanish public demands to remove the country from the U.S. military bases
19:23|12 /05 /2008
YEREVAN, May 12. /ARKA /. Spanish public opinion demanded the government to remove the country from U.S. military bases, serving pre-emptive war, imperialism, reported on Monday an electronic newspaper Diario Bahia de Cadiz ...
http://www.newsarmenia.ru/world1/20080512/41875166.html
13/05/2008
The next demonstration against U.S. military bases in Spain
Twenty-third in a row manifestation of residents of Cadiz against the naval base the United States, located in the coastal town of Rota, according to organizers, there were 600 people, according to police and about 500, which is lower than the last time. Spanish public opinion demanded the government to remove the country from U.S. military bases, serving pre-emptive war, imperialism, reports Diario Bahia de Cadiz ...
http://www.vestaspain.ru/news/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=2325
http://rian.ru/economy/20040217/528982.html
http://rian.ru/society/20060912/53784330.html