"Under the realism in the narrow sense of positivism understand the direction in art of the 2nd half of XIX century."
To start let's look like we will interpret the term wiki
positivism (does not matter that we are talking about the 2nd half of the XIX century, when in fact worked Wanderers, where they prayed in the USSR) . So:
"Positivism (Fr. positivisme, from Lat. Positivus - positive) -" a philosophy and methodology of science in the direction defined by a single source of truth, the actual knowledge of empirical research and denies the cognitive value of philosophical inquiry. "
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Позитивизм
Well, as applied to art it is clear that the main thing is, shall we say, the image of reality "as it is". At that same artist, depicting reality in the USSR "as it is", could count? The fact that his pat on the back for hard work in the field of realism? Correctly, in accordance with what he regarded as valid, then he got. Empirically (with brush and canvas in hand) perceiving their surroundings, an artist with what face? With the way that somehow does not match its empirical study of the reality once and for all established a pseudo norm, he will perforce have to match.
It turns out that a work of art (the author has decided to
meet) was not the result of an experienced understanding the world (which is a necessary condition for realism), but rather the result of comprehension on my experience, that a different reality than top-down, does not exist. Everything is determined in advance, questions are not the outside world, on the contrary, are adjusted to have a ready answer.
Read on:
"The term" realism "was first used by the French critic Jean Champfleury in 50s. XIX century to refer to art, opposed to romanticism and academicism."
Fine, read about
:
"Academism (Fr. academisme) - in the direction of European painting XVII-XIX centuries. Academism up on following the outward forms of classical art. Followers of this style is characterized as reasoning over the form of the ancient art of the ancient world and the Renaissance."
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Академизм
Are very important words:
"Academism up on following the outward forms of classical art. Followers of this style is characterized as reasoning over the form of the ancient art of the ancient world and the Renaissance."
It is no secret that the actual academics adored ancient art, and (horror of horrors!) Considered themselves almost straight by his heirs. But following the external forms do not bring them to the point of high art of ancient Greece. Rather, alienates as authentic ancient art is primarily related to the life and not imitative.
Clearly, this realism, based on fair understanding of the world, is the opposite, as if based
on the art of the ancient world academicism. But the opposite of a academicism Socialist Realism? As realism (even social) must reject the idea of "arguments over the form of art," as for the realism can only "reasoning of the outside world" (and the point here is not limited to it (the world) forms).
But it was not there! Socialist realism was extremely close academicism is the fact that as he "grew up on adherence to external forms of classical art," Socialist Realism rose follow the outward forms of realistic art. No true, deep connection with this realism does not have. But there is a link with academic, particularly clearly seen in the examples of the false-minded works. The reason for this lies in the similarity of the approach, not afraid of the word parasite in different art forms. In the case with academic - in antiquity and the Renaissance, in the case of social realism - the realism. As a consequence, there is a blatant lack of open, quivering breath in this and that direction.
Left to read about romanticism.
So:
"Romanticism (Fr. romantisme) - the phenomenon of European culture in XVIII-XIX centuries, is a reaction to the Enlightenment and stimulated them to scientific and technical progress, the ideological and artistic movement in European and American culture of the late XVIII century - first half XIX century.
Characterized by the statement of self-worth spiritual and creative life of the person, the image of the strong (often rebellious) passions and characters, spirituality and healing nature. Extended to various spheres of human activity.
In the XVIII century romantic named all the strange, fantastic, picturesque and existing books, but not in reality. At the beginning of XIX century romanticism became the symbol of a new direction that is opposite [1] classicism and the Enlightenment. "
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Романтизм
Fine, therefore romanticism - a kind of reaction to a spiritual mind "dehydration." You can, in my opinion, to let and fuzzy, but the parallel with the harsh style. Is not it obvious it was a reaction to the stifling hand of socialist realism? However, this seems to have talked and talked more than once.
But was it possible for artists to turn to the severe style social realism at 180 degrees? Such a course of threatened departure from the orbit of Soviet art and therefore a kind of half-hearted in making artistic decisions masters severe style is often evident. Yet the attempt to escape from the falsity of social realism so attractive that the art of severe style (in his best specimens) reaches the level of true art, which, in my opinion, has never happened (and could not) happen with socialist realism.