Yellow :

ocher, Naples yellow , cadmium yellow , chrome yellow , zinc yellow, Strontium yellow , ultramarine yellow , Indian yellow and other organic yellow . Yellow ocher were made as to the beginning of the XIX century, from local raw materials. On the labels of their qualified in tone : bright , golden , dark - or at their place of getting : the Italian , Roman , and so on. They, like the previous natural ochres , have mineral fillers and impurities. Stimulated the development of the dye industry getting chromophores ocher - water iron oxide Fe (OH) 3 , on the basis of which to this day are produced ocher factory production - cleaner composition and brighter in tone. For artificial ocher take aqueous ferric oxide and fillers (predominantly kaolin) in a ratio of 1:7 or 1:8. In addition to the various shades of ocher in the catalogs of the last century appears and iron oxide yellow .

Weathering and light stability of artificial yellow ocher as high as that of natural, man-made but have greater purity.

Yellow mars several shades began to produce in the XIX century. In color they are louder than the natural ocher, have good covering power and resistance to light and weather resistant .

Naples yellow artificial production produced by almost all companies : each company in the directory specified gradation of tones - their number sometimes reaches six . However, neither the composition of the paint or the tone of her are not permanent . Base - surmyanokisly lead (Sb2O5 * nPbO). Despite the faded color of the paint being constantly used in paintings of the XIX and early XX century, it is opaque , with high light fastness , sensitive to hydrogen sulfide .

Cadmium yellow compound for paint was invented in 1817 and used in painting from the middle of the XIX century. In the production of them are making different shades , from lemon yellow to purple- red . The chemical composition are cadmium yellow cadmium sulfide CdS: their color varies under the influence of different conditions prevailing in the manufacturing process , and also depending on the impurity content (CdCO3; ZnS and others) . The greatest influence on the color has an admixture of zinc sulphide . In the past, lemon and bright cadmium differed particularly unstable color : the most characteristic for them were fading and darkening ( graying ) of paint. Under the conditions of modern production of light by Cadmus managed to slightly increase their resistance , but even so , they are still not recommended to mix with ocher , sienna , white lead , ivory. " Cadmium yellow , with a touch of lemon , are so far the greatest evil, the beautiful palette " - writes the modern technology and restorer B. Slansky .

Yellow orange and cadmium are considered stronger than light and lemon : indeed , medium and provide a very strong orange mixture with most paints . With the exception of copper-bearing paint , such as Schweinfurt and polveronez : in mixtures with them yellow and orange cadmium blacken .

In the XIX century. Some firms cadmium yellow paint mixed with white lead - did not specify which ones , but , in all probability , with zinc . In particular, the Düsseldorf factory manufactured the Schminke this paint called "yellow diamond » (№ 1 - light and number 2 - the dark ) .

Chrome yellow - a group of pigments ( yellow to orange- yellow ) , are produced by many factories decorative paints . In the production has been known for three or four shades of chrome yellow , from lemon yellow to orange or even red. The catalogs of the last century, they are listed as lemon chrome , bright chrome , black chrome and chrome orange ( or the same as in the catalog London firm "Georg flat" : chrome number 1, № 2, № 3, № 4). This group also includes chrome yellow zinc yellow , produced in three colors , and Strontium Yellow and Yellow ultramarine , the last two in the XIX century . issued only in one - yellow - variant, and in the XX century . already produced three shades of each.

Yellow crown - is chromate pigments, which serves as a chromophore SgO4 2 - . They are a mixture of chromate or chromate and lead sulfate and RbSgO4 PbCrO4 * nPbSO4. Orange and red crowns are oksihromatami lead RSgO4 * RbO .

Start of production refers to the first years of the XIX century .

Lead crown have high hiding power , the tone of their intense - especially among the middle of the crown. The disadvantage of them (as a general lack of lead pigments) - sensitivity to hydrogen sulfide , which is offset in oil painting pigment isolation from the open inclement weather. In the light, bright chroma tend to greening : the most distinguished this crown of the XIX century . Currently achieved higher Lightfastness this group.

Yellow zinc chromate are complex zinc salt ZnCrO4 * mZn (OH) 2 * nK2CrO4 * xH2O bright yellow . Three color gradations they are released at the end of the last century Berlin company " Moevs " and the Parisian firm " Lefranc ."

Start applying zinc kroner in pigment for painting belongs to the XVIII century , but the technical meaning they acquired only after 1847 , when the technology was developed more efficient way to produce them. " Paint with yellow greenish ... durable chrome yellow , but the light is green . Like the yellow barite , can not be confused with lead and zinc white , Neapolitan , ultramarine and cobalt colors ... Has great application in the preparation of the so -called zinc green paint , consisting of a mixture of Parisian blue and zinc yellow . "

Strontium Yellow - the most durable of lemon chrome yellow - known in the production of the end of the last century. According to the chemical composition of strontium chromate is SrCrO4, paint a beautiful lemon- yellow color. The test of its color-and light fastness artists DI Kiplik and FI Rerberg led them to the following conclusions : " The experiments , have done with it to determine its light fastness , show that it is stronger chrome yellow and zinc yellow and similar in this respect complaining to barite , nevertheless, it barite like yellow to light is green , why this paint outdoors especially inappropriate ". Therefore, an external oil paintings it can not be used . The catalogs of the last decades of the XIX century, recorded only one firm ( "Georg flat ' in London ), available Strontium Yellow . Other firms have been producing Strontium Yellow various (three) colors only in the XX century.

Yellow ultramarine first appears in the catalogs of the late XIX century (the firm " Moevs " in Berlin ), in the XX century, it was limited produce and other Western firms . This lemon yellow pigment , which is barium chromate . Paint , according to F. Rerberg is used to darken the light, and , besides, it can not be mixed with white lead. Yellow organic paint in the beginning of XIX century. produced from natural organic dyes that with the II-nd half of the XIX century were gradually replaced synthesized organic dyes were more light-resistant than natural .

Indian yellow in the XIX and XX centuries let all Western firms . Indian natural yellow produced in the XIX century, from raw materials imported by Europe from India. Exported it from the 20- ies of the XIX century , and in 1908 the export was terminated. Indian yellow gradually replaced indantrenovaya naphthol yellow and yellow , close to her tone. These colorants are lightfast colors . In the oil painting Indian yellow stronger than in watercolors . In the manufacture of indantrenovoy yellow paint to add yellow kadmiy3 .

Style de Gren - paint, in the XVIII century, known in Russia under the name shishgel . By the end of the XIX century in the catalogs of firms " Moevs " and " Mussina " has already figured only called style de Gren .

Gamboge . In this case, the dye is balm comprising 70%of a yellow gum and 30 %gum . This intense light fastness lessirovochnomu paint. At the end of the XIX century, it is included in the catalogs of colors almost all European firms.

Yellow varnishes produce dye-based kvertitsina extracted from the bark of the North American walnut . At the end of the last century, they were produced by two companies - Berlin " Moevs " and Paris ' Lefranc ».