In 1934, the privately published by the German city of Karlsruhe was clandestinely published a book of Hans Bellmer (Hans Bellmer, 1902 - 1975) "Dolls» (Die Puppe), which includes 10 photographs of hinged dolls designed by artists who were wrapped up in the form tableaux vivants - living pictures. Past 18 photos from the filing of Andre Breton were published in the Parisian Surrealist magazine "Minotaur". In Nazi Germany Bellmer was immediately counted among the representatives of the so-called «degenerate art», and was forced to emigrate to France.

Work on its first doll Bellmer began in 1933 with the help of the puppet masters, Costume designer Lotte pretzels, inspired by a number of events from his personal life. Among them - the love of his young cousin, watching Offenbach's opera "Les Contes d'Hoffmann" in which Hoffman tragically falls in love with a doll, an automaton, taking her for a woman under the influence of evil spells, and only in the final learns of his mistake, and nostalgia, caused by sent his mother a box of toys.

Bellmer began working on erotizirovannym way deformed dolls, opposing his plan to the official cult of the "Aryan" health and aesthetics of the "classical" body in Nazi Germany. In his address to the topic and its subsequent interpretation in the artist's autobiographical book influenced by Oskar Kokoschka "Fetish" (1925), and later - work of the Austrian psychiatrist Paul Schilder "The image and appearance of the human body" (1935) and book the French psychiatrist Jean Lhermitte "The image of our body "(1939). The next few years Bellmer devote the study of women's and child's body as a subject of taboo desires, splitting it into fragments, preventing the limbs and organs, reflecting the frustration of unsatisfied men's desires and exploring the fine line between between the living and the mechanical, body and plastic, passion and detachment.

Bellmer was making the mannequins for women with marked acute nipples, lips and vaginas, and then photographed them in obscene poses in public places and private interiors. Dolls fold and spread, taking bizarre situation, their brains have evolved from the buttocks, shoulders, coincided with the knees, hands held a place of legs. Each individual created a metamorphosis from the female dolls articulated object, which has a hidden symbolic meaning. Bellmer stated that in games with the mannequins he is interested in "mechanical movement, which leads to unexpected semantic seams. He discovered that the body parts like linguistic signs, and each posture is certain maxims.

Bellmer explained that he wanted to make a toy for adults, which could free them from the complexes. The method of getting rid of the complex is in fact a doll that could break down at the most desirable part, be they way they like, and just stare at them. Thus, destroyed the need to communicate with all women and men firmly established absolute power over her.

Mannequins Bellmer bear the imprint of izorvannosti divided and nesostykovannosti two spaces - "my", "personal" and the fact that adjoins. Dolls physiologically accurately convey the proportions teenager. Extremely accurately recreated the muscles and joints, contrasting with the fragile gipertrofirovannostyu doll torso. For pornofotografii Bellmer dolls were a unique form of protest against the sanctimonious morality "respectable" bourgeois society, stereotypes Komilfo, as well as the possibility of creating a semantic collage, where inanimate objects are given sexuality.
 
Used materials
Alexander Brener and Barbara Schurz "Rendezvous in Sierra Leone" (www.plexus.org.il),
Smolyan N. "symbol of our time" (ec-dejavu.ru)

Original article: http://artpages.org.ua/palitra/hans-...ego-kukli.html

gallery owner Marat Gelman - Muscovite, had already become Permyaks - will go down in the first third of the new composition of the Public Chamber, formed by the Kremlin. According to Nezavisimaya Gazeta, President Dmitry Medvedev approved the list of appointees to two weeks, to September 23. Two-thirds will be formed on the recommendations of the presidential appointees, representatives of public organizations. In January, the Chamber will get the final shape and will meet with the head of state.
 
The list will not name a few iconic figures. For example, not invited to the new composition of the well-known physician and social activist Leonid Roshal. Not received an invitation, according to spokesman editor of Moskovsky Komsomolets, Pavel Gusev. Leaving the chamber and the director of the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology Valery Tishkov.
 
Among received an invitation from President Gelman than the number of directors of the Institute of Public Planning president of MediaUnion "and chief editor of the journal" Expert "Valery Fadeev, as well as the current secretary of the Public Chamber Yevgeny Velikhov. It will remain at his post and Deputy Secretary Michael Ostrovsky.
 
A source close to the Public Chamber, said Gelman's inclusion in the Kremlin's list can be considered an example of political apathy of the new composition. Channel assured that the candidates discussed the newcomers at the highest level - and not only in the presidential administration.
 
Gelman, recall, is headed by the Museum of Modern Art, established in Perm on the initiative of the Governor Kama Oleg Chirkunov. The starting point of the new museum was the exhibition "Russian poor. Among the intelligentsia of the Permian attitude towards the new museum and personally Gelman - a very ambiguous.
  
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