Hollywood studios. Part 2.

continue to get acquainted with the Hollywood studios, where the movie is born.

Warner Bros.

(yes, that's" Bros. "instead of" Brothers "). This studio was founded by four Jewish brothers who emigrated to the U.S. from Poland. Brothers named Harry, Albert, Sam and Jack Warner. In general, a mixture of names and surnames, and got its present name of the studio. Logo studio changed many times, and the exact time of its creation is unknown.

Warner Bros. Entertainment, Inc., Also known as the Warner Bros. Pictures or simply Warner Bros., Pronounced (Uorner Brazers) - one of the largest concerns for the production of films and television series in the United States. Currently, a division of Time Warner, based in California.

company is named after the four Warner brothers: Harry Warner (Hirsch Vonskolaser) (1881-1958), Albert Warner (Aaron Vonskolaser) (1883-1967), Sam Warner (Shmuel Vonskolaser) (1887 - 1927) and Jack Warner (Yitzhak Vonskolaser) (1892-1978), whose parents emigrated from the Russian Empire (in what is now Belarus) in the U.S. (via England and Canada).

three older brothers were engaged in the film industry in 1903, showing films for mining workers in Pennsylvania and Ohio. In the same year in New Castle (PA), they opened their first cinema "Cascade". In 1904, the brothers founded the company Duquesne Amusement & Supply Company (which became the precursor of Warner Bros.), which dealt with distribution of films. For several years, the territory in which they operated company, has expanded and included the four states.

the beginning of the First World War, the brothers began to engage in the production of their own films and in 1918 opened a studio Warner Bros. Studio, located on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood. Sam and Jack Warner engaged in the production of pictures, while Harry and Albert engaged in finance in New York City. In 1923, they formally joined the corporation Warner Bros. Pictures, Inc.

company flourished that allowed the brothers in 1924 to obtain a loan on Wall Street. These funds were acquired Vitagraph Company, which had a nationwide distribution network, as well as bought several radio stations and the construction of new theaters.

At the urging of Sam Warner company began to actively develop the film industry with a sound and in 1926 began producing movies with sound and sound effects . In 1927 was released the film "The Jazz Singer" (born Jazz Singer) with dialogue. The film became a sensation and marked the beginning of an era of "talking pictures." Brothers also did not attend the premiere because of Sam's death. In 1922, Warner Bros. started to take pictures with the dog Rin Tin Tin. His films have brought us considerable success. In 1928 the brothers released in theaters now "Lights of New York" (English Lights of New York) with a full soundtrack. Since then, the whole film industry is finally moved to films with sound. By the end of 1929 all of the major film studios released only sound films. In 1929, Warner Bros. released the first full-color film «The Show of Shows». The second color pattern, On The With Show, has become so popular that it was shown in theaters for over ten years. Thus began the era of color film. Jack Warner and Marilyn Monroe in 1956 In the period from 1929 to 1931, Warner released a set of color films ( "Sally," "Bright Lights," "Song of the Flame", "Song of the West," "Under the moon of Texas," etc.). Most of them were musicals, and quickly tired of the audience, so the studios had to get out of this genre. Under the direction of Darryl Zanuck in 1930 studio has become famous gangster movies, and then melodramas. Around 1934 the company had problems with the censors, so she switched to shooting historical paintings.

In 1930 was created an independent company Warner's cartoon, he studied under Leon Schlesinger creating cartoons. In 1931, we created a new cartoon series - "Looney Tunes" (English Merrie Melodies) - humorous sketches with a jazz soundtrack. In 1933, the studio had new artists (Jack King, Friz Frieling, etc.), whose works appeared on the screens of the famous Buddy (born Buddy). The studio has acquired a recognizable style that made her work is very popular. Among them - the rabbit Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck Duck.

The stages in 1920 during the Second World War, the studio really got rich thanks to increased demand for motion pictures. During these years, the company has opened a lot of actors who have become celebrities (Joan Crawford, Doris Day, etc.). In 1948, the U.S. Supreme Court, considering the antitrust disputes, ruled that made Warner Bros. and the four largest film production film company separate from the country of their cinema chains. Without the possibility of wide distribution eliminated the need for the production of 30 films a year, so the brothers began to curtail their production and eventually sold the company to the banking syndicate. In 1956, Harry and Albert Warner learned that their brother Jack was the main investor in the syndicate. This has led to a deep quarrel, and since then the brothers no longer talking. But Jack himself came to the future of the company is very responsible.

The stages. Our days. 1970-1980-ies were not the most successful of all film companies, but the new leadership of the studio successfully overcome them by making a bet on the job with the "stars" (Paul Newman, Robert Redford, Barbra Streisand, John Wayne, Clint Eastwood, etc.).

In 1995, the company, focusing on the teenage audience, has launched its television network - WB Network. This channel showed the popular U.S. TV series ("Seventh Heaven," "Smallville" and others). WB studio gave the world Potterianu, movies Superman (the franchise rights of prinadlizhat), Christopher Nolan's trilogy, "Batman", etc.

Columbia Pictures

This studio was founded in 1919 by brothers Harry and Jack Cohn, and Joe Brendt. The first name of the studio Cohn-Brandt-Cohn Film Sales. Initial production company - cheap projects, quickly became popular. In 1924, the brothers Conn bought its stake in Brendt, and renamed the company to Columbia Pictures Corporation. Logos Corporation was founded in 1924, and it is known that the model for this logo was Claudia Dell. Initially, the logo looked a little different, but with the passage of time gradually changed its appearance, acquiring modern look in 2001.

Columbia Pictures American film and television company, an integral part of the Columbia TriStar Motion Picture Group, which since 1989 has Sony Pictures Entertainment, a subsidiary of Japan's Sony Corporation.

The stages in 1929 . Company CBC Film Sales Corporation was founded in 1919 by Gary Cohn, his brother Jack Cohn and Joe Brendt. A significant part of the staff at that time were the family laws and their relatives. The firm's reputation was so low that «CBC» jokingly stands for "sauerkraut and corned beef» (Corned Beef and Cabbage). Hoping to somehow improve the image of Con renamed it in 1924 to Columbia Pictures. Cohn personally oversaw the film industry until 1958, setting a record for Hollywood in this respect.

Of the major studio system kinotrestov mid XX century, Columbia Pictures had the most modest budget. In the 1930-ies. the key to its profitability were comedies of Howard Hawks and Frank Capra ("It Happened One Night," "Mr. Smith Goes to Washington"). Some success with the public had a low-budget production and a serial comic, Commands Three Stooges. In order to save costs from film to film roamed the same scenery. Walt Disney is a company in Columbia released its rental mul'fil'my Mickey Mouse.

in the 1940s. Capra left the studio. Gary Cohn was able to fix it lost the case due to a contract with Rita Hayworth, who after the film "Gilda" was one of the most sought-after film stars. He is also one of the first moviemaker has learned to profit from the television boom of the 1950s, re-directing unit Screen Gems with cheap animation production unpretentious television series like "Bewitched." Cinema chain Columbia was not significant, so kinotrestov collapse in the late 1940s, the studio is almost not affected. The competition, which painfully experienced the loss of revenue from its own theater, the company Kohn was in pole position. In the short period from 1954 to 1957. Three Columbia Pictures Film Production awarded the "Oscar" for the best film of the year. Another Academy Award triumph was the epic David Lean's "Lawrence of Arabia" (1962). From a relatively small family business has evolved into Columbia's flagship national film industry. Like other studio-majors, at the end of 1960 the company went bankrupt and was forced to find a major investor side. Film companies have caused damage to the reputation and the machinations of her head David Begelman. In 1982 control of the company was acquired by Coca-Cola. In the late 1980s, when the Japanese multinational corporations began its expansion into the U.S. market, for $ 3.4 billion controlling stake bought Sony Corporation.

Notable films: Lawrence of Arabia, Funny Girl, Cactus Flower Easy Rider, The Last Picture Show, Kramer vs. Kramer, Tootsie , Gandhi

Sony Pictures Entertainment

Sony Pictures Entertainment (Sony Pictures Enterteynment) is an American film company, manufacturer and distributor of films and television programs.

In 1989, Sony acquired the company« Columbia Pictures Entertainment »in« Coca-Cola »for 3.4 billion U.S. dollars. The company was renamed «Sony Pictures Entertainment» in 1991.

Under the supervision of the studio produced such films as Ghostbusters, double strike, Dracula, Groundhog Day, The People vs. Larry Flynt, Air Force One, Charlie's Angels, The Patriot, Spider-Man, People in black and new Spider-Man.

Universal Studios

< p> Universal Studios - the oldest of the existing Hollywood studios. Founded by Charles Lemmle in 1912. From 1915 to 1925 - the largest production companies of the United States. Since 2004 - the manufacturing division of NBC Universal.

on the logo depicts globe around which the likeness of Saturn's rings with the inscription: Universal (« Ecumenical "). Under the auspices of work theme parks in Hollywood, Orlando, Singapore and Osaka.

Lemmle Charles, a native of Germany, took up the movie business in 1909, founded the Universal three years later and in 1914 awarded the company its present name. Lemmle managed to beat the competition at the expense of all wagers placed on the "movie stars." At a time when the names of the actors did not consider it necessary to show in the credits, he attracted the attention of newspaper reporters to every step of the actors and actresses with whom he had a contract. Largely due Lemmle earned Hollywood "production line" stars, who later became the hallmark of the American film industry.

K. Lemmle the statuette" Oscar ", 1930 In 1915, in an area of ​​230 acres near Hollywood" Uncle Carl "has organized the world's largest platform for the filming, which was called" Universal City " (Universal City). For marketing purposes access to the set was open to all comers.

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Despite the ambitious title, the company has specialized in the lowly Lemmle westerns, melodramas, serials and films, which are in small towns are more in demand than high-budget productions, designed primarily for residents of cities.

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Universal City, postcard 1915 Compared to competitors , Lemmle not see the need to develop a network of cinemas, concentrating their forces in filmmaking itself. He never broke his ties with his native Germany and has even opened in 1926, the German division studio led by Joe Pasternak. Due to the increasing in the 1920s, the boss absences from California all the affairs of the Hollywood studio actually was in charge of a young but talented producer Irving Thalberg. He made a bid for the master reincarnation of Lon Chaney, who impressed the audience with his grotesque makeup in "The Hunchback of Notre Dame" (1923) and "The Phantom of the Opera" (1925).

Thalberg After leaving the studio, aggravated the Great Depression and the transition to movie sound tracks, studio plunged into a prolonged crisis, having lost his place in the "big five" of Hollywood. "Uncle Carl" got a job at Universal a great many of their relatives (among them the director William Wyler), did not look for a replacement Thalberg on the side and as soon as he came of age, handed over the reins to his son his own studio.

poster for the film" The Mummy "1932 Junior Lemmle, not satisfied with low artistic level of film production, decided to bet on expensive productions with artistic pretensions, and started to create their own network of cinemas . Although some of the "quality" films of the time were successful ("On the Western Front", 1930), the bulk went unnoticed, and the musical "Showboat" (1929) failed miserably. When Lemmle Jr. one of the first studio in Hollywood has mastered the new field of film - horror and animation. The horror film owes its origin to the classic "horror" studio Universal. In 1931, the company released the first Lemmle feed for this series, "Dracula." Considerable commercial success of the film gave producers the confidence that they have discovered a formula for success and the theme of monsters should continue. Unforgettable images of monsters on the silver screen set up Bela Lugosi and Boris Karloff.

Bela Lugosi and Boris Karloff to the bottoms of Walt Disney Studios, Universal was considered as one of the major players in the field of animation. Ab Ayverks and Walt Disney created by order of the first Lemmle popular cartoon characters - Oswald the rabbit. Due to financial disagreements Disney left the studio, and then the image of a rabbit Oswald (right which remained in the possession Universal) it was redesigned in Mickey Mouse's, and that pretty soon eclipsed by the popularity of his predecessor. Over the years, a cartoon studio unit in charge of Walter Lantz, who created several memorable for Universal cartoon characters, including Woody Woodpecker.

During the Great Depression of the financial condition of the studio has suffered greatly. Unlike other movie mogul, father and son Lemmle preferred to develop the studio exclusively on their own, and not borrowed funds. This almost led them to bankruptcy.

Veteran Walter Lantz studio with pictures of them invented by Woody Woodpecker After leaving Lemmle company afloat thanks to resist kinomyuziklam Joe Pasternak with Deanna Durbin in the title role. The second "gold mine" for the owners of the studio began in the 1940s comedians Abbott and Costello. At Universal have been filmed some of the classic film noir, such as "The Killers" by R. Siodmak and "The Naked City" by J. Dassin. With the permission of J. Selznick associated contract A. Hitchcock set for Universal films "Shadow of a Doubt" and "Commando».

Nevertheless, the financial position of the company at that time had not durable for long-term contracts with the" stars "of the first magnitude. Universal among the last in Hollywood began to work with color film (if you do not take into account the innovative use of color in "The Phantom of the Opera" in 1925).

American millionaire Arthur Rank, thanks to the generous financial influence in the 1940s. experienced unprecedented rise of the British film industry, considered the Universal as an ideal launching pad for the conquest of the American audience. Thanks to its partnership with Universal Americans were able to get acquainted with such masterpieces of the English film school as "Great Expectations" and David Lean's "Hamlet" by Laurence Olivier. Universal Studios came under the full control of Wasserman, who had already moved for contracts with Universal those "stars", whose agent he was: Doris Day, Lana Turner, Cary Grant, and even A. Hitchcock. Examples of products that time can serve as movies 1963 "Birds" and "Charade».

One component of the success of Universal in 1960. was active production of television films. In some seasons, the company was producing half of the series, which were shown on channel NBC. Studio first of the giants of American cinema has decided for themselves the problem of competition from TV personalities. Moreover, in the 1970s. work for television has become the main source of income. Among the most profitable film projects Universal at the time - pobivshy studio box office record "Airport" (1970), action thriller "Jaws" (as well as subsequent work by Steven Spielberg), shot on a tiny budget youth film "American Graffiti" from George Lucas, later - the franchise "Back to the Future." In 2012, Universal Studios celebrated its centenary.

Walt Disney Company

Walt Disney Company - one of the largest financial conglomerates in the world of entertainment. Founded October 16, 1923 the brothers Walter and Roy Disney as a small animation studio, is currently one of the major Hollywood studios, the owner of the 11-minute theme parks and two water parks and several television and radio broadcasting networks, which include the American Broadcasting Company (Hey -Bi-Cu). The headquarters of the Walt Disney Company and principal manufacturing facilities are located in the subdivision Walt Disney Studios (Walt Disney) in Burbank, California, USA.

In 1923, Disney moved to Los Angeles, where his brother Roy October 16 creates Hollywood «Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio» (later «The Walt Disney Studio» and «The Walt Disney Company»).

First March 1924 Disney introduced its first stunt movie" Alice's Day at Sea ", prompted by the heroes of the book by Lewis Carroll's" Alice in Wonderland. " His series of films drawn in 1926-1927., The director is also named after the heroine of the book - "Alice's Adventures in Animation" (only took 56 Disney movies about the adventures of Alice).

In 1927, the huge popularity to the film," Oswald Rabbit " and his character opens a gallery of famous characters from Disney films. Mickey Mouse's, which drew a companion Disney and part-time senior animator Ab Ayverks, first name was Mortimer, but he soon got a name now well known all over the world. First Mouse Mickey Mouse appeared in the silent film "Mad airplane" (1928), and in the same year and became the hero of Disney's first sound film - "steamer Willie" (the first in the history of the cartoon movie with synchronized sound). The first Disney tapes sounded a little mouse, and shortly before the film opened the way for the young director stunning career. Then finally formed a recognizable style of Disney films, is largely determined by the personal contribution of his senior animator Aba Ayverksa.

In 1929, Disney began work on the series "Funny Symphony", and in 1938 took more than 70 series, including such masterpieces as "Dance of the Skeletons" (1929), "The Ugly Duckling" (1932 ), "Three Little Pigs" (1933). Already in these films appear heroes who have become world famous - funny little dog Pluto (1930) and Goofy (1932), as well as Donald Duck Duck (in his typical sailor's form, it has become one of the most famous characters of Disney cartoons first appeared on screen in 1934).

Disney amassed a huge capital on the popularity of their characters. After reaching the screen, these characters have appeared in the pages of comic books on thousands of different items. Already in 1930 there were toys, like Disney characters. Images of Mickey Mouse or Donald Duck used in the manufacture of watches, clothes and other items of daily use. Often with their help advertise certain products. Disney sold overseas license to use images for commercial purposes of his cartoons.

21 December 1937 on the screens of America was first shown full-length animated Disney film" Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, "the tale by the Brothers Grimm. "Snow White" Disney has brought great success: the worldwide popularity, more than 8 million dollars in revenue and rave reviews in the trade press.

Oscar and seven little Oscars Walt Disney received for fidm" Snow White and the 7 Dwarfs ", with Shirley Temple Soon, new full-length movies Disney studio. "Pinocchio" (1940) on the story by Italian author Carlo Collodi ΧΙΧ century audience was received with enthusiasm, which is shared by the critics. Conflicting opinions are called "Fantasy" (1940) directed by Walt Disney on the script Joe Grant and Dick Hyumara and under the musical direction of Edward Plumb. The idea of ​​the film came about since the work on the "Funny symphonies," in which the plot is closely intertwined with the musical works. "Fantasy" - a bold experiment with sound, color, and image, an attempt to transfer the music in line and color, subjecting drawing musical context. For example, the Toccata and Fugue by Johann C styana Bach shown as abstract forms, and the music from Tchaikovsky's "Nutcracker" is accompanied by dancing mushrooms, on the background of the "Celebration of Spring" by Igor Stravinsky's colorful unfolding story of creation . The most tasteless fragment of film critics called a scene where the sound of "Pastoral Symphony" by Beethoven on the screen appear centaurs. It was only in the 1960s, "Fantasia" was recognized - when such works have become massively popular music advocate.

In" Fantasia "among other characters appear Mouse Mickey Mouse is familiar in the early Disney films. Before shooting "Fantasia" Disney together with conductor Leopold Stokowski took off the tape, "The Sorcerer's Apprentice" with Mickey Mouse as the hapless student. The basis of this cartoon has laid down a piece of music Paul Dukas of the same name.

feature films, came out of the walls of the Disney studios, often called family. In particular, we are talking about the movie "Dumbo" (1941) - musical story based on the book by Harold and Helen Eberson of the little circus elephant calf, who learned to fly (producer - Walt Disney, the director - Ben Sharpstin). Dynamic fun adventure built on the unbridled imagination of authors, excellent plastic cartoon characters - all of this has brought the film immensely popular. Became famous scene parade of pink elephants and elephant fantasy, drunk a glass of champagne. A huge sympathy children and adults and has won fawn from the movie "Bambi" (1942), who along with his forest friends going through many incredible adventures. Bambi - one of the most sympathetic characters of Disney films.

In 1950, Disney has created a hand-drawn version of the fairy tale" Cinderella "of the humble, beautiful girl who with the help of the good fairy bride becomes a handsome prince. Director of the film "Cinderella" were Wilfred Jackson, Hamilton Lasky, Clyde Geronimi. In the film, Cinderella, Disney removed, were used the latest technologies of animation at the time. Among the most remarkable scenes should mention that when mice are pushing a huge pumpkin turn into a magnificent horses harnessed to a carriage, and the Fairy Godmother transforms Cinderella's rags into a beautiful ball gown. For the excellent technical skills at the Berlin Film Festival, the film was awarded the "Golden Bear", and the creators of the tape again in a businesslike ordered the popular cartoon characters: Disney's Cinderella has appeared on T-shirts, bed linens and scarves in many countries around the world.

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cartoon "Beauty and the Beast" was the first animated film nominated for an Academy Award for "Best Film of the Year." In 1948, Walt Disney started making his famous series of color educational films, mostly about nature - in particular, the picture of "The Living Desert" (1953) and "The Vanishing Prairie" (1954), directed by James Elgar. These films have gained much popularity, revealing a little-known aspects of the life of animals and plants, as well as inspiring ideas viewers wildlife conservation. Then at the Disney studios began to take adventure game designed for young audience - among the most notable might be called "Treasure Island" (1950), based on the novel by Robert Louis Stevenson (directed by Byron Haskin), "Robin Hood" (1952) (director Ken Annakin). One of the tapes, taken by Disney, was the famous "Mary Poppins" (1964) - kinofantaziya, filmed in the musical genre of the children entrusted to the nurse-witch. Leading lady Julie Andrews received the "Oscar" for best actress, and the musical was awarded five "Oscars" (directed by Robert Stevenson). In all these films, Disney served as a producer, followed the course of filming and had a great influence on the artistic side of the film. In the 1950s, Disney has expanded its activities: weekly entertainment television programs began to prepare "Disneyland", and in 1955 in Anaheim, near Los Angeles, was opened entertainment center with attractions "Disneyland Park", where children, surrounded by characters from favorite Disney characters, caught in an unforgettable holiday. Later, this was a good idea replicated: in 1971 in Orlando, Florida, appeared on "The World of Disney", and in 1992 near Paris opened Eurodisneyland.

After the death DisneyaUolt Disney died on December 15, 1966. However, they started business continues, and the Walt Disney studio still takes animated and feature films for children of all ages.

Prior to 2010, The Walt Disney Company owned the film company Miramax Films (she, along with his collection of films was sold for $ 660 million group of investors led by Ronald Tutor's). In this case, Walt Disney bought the studio in 1993 at the Weinstein brothers for $ 80 million, but in recent years, Miramax was financially unsound.

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