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Artist Isaac Brodsky ....

Запись от Евгений размещена 10.03.2010 в 06:12
Обновил(-а) Евгений 12.03.2010 в 09:19

Isaac Brodsky - a famous Soviet artist and a man who has achieved everything himself.

Provincial parvenu Leningrad gentleman and a brilliant 30-ies. Favorite pupil of Ilya Repin and a workaholic. A man of iron will and a talented painter.

Lev Lurie: Hundreds and thousands of young people since the late XIX century aspired to get here, the Academy of Arts, the flagship school in our country, which prepares painters and graphic artists. Our hero, Isaac Brodsky, a young man from the Ukrainian town Sofievka entered here in 1902. Like all students, he dreamed of a provincial rustic youth to become a doctor, well-known, well-paid artist. Isaac Brodsky has that not been the majority of his colleagues. He was not just a famous artist, but also the main artist of the Soviet Union.

Isaak Brodsky was born in 1884 in a family of small traders. Parents wanted to make the son of a serious man - an architect, and that could earn a living, and family in case of need to support. Thus Brodsky was in the Odessa Art School, where despite the expectations of his father and mother had learned not to architect and a painter. But he had little Odessa. He is talented and vain, is seeking nearly impossible: come to the Academy of Arts and is working to enroll in a class by itself Repin.

Lev Lurie: Education paintings have long been conducted on the principle: the master teaches apprentices. He instills his style of teaching. Teacher Brodsky was an extraordinarily strong man - the most famous artist of Russia, a genius - Ilya Repin. Naturally, he had a decisive influence on Brodsky. Repin was brilliant artist, but his artistic method, he was a conservative, is thirty years behind from the advanced French painting.

Becoming a professional artist, Brodsky quickly goes uphill. Superbly feeling conjuncture and possessing virtuoso technique, it is already in pre-revolutionary years has become commercially successful painter. Artists beginning of the century have sought to innovate - Fauvism, Cubism, Rayonism, and Brodsky, brought up in Repin realist tradition, is not eager to be geniuses. He does not want to exploit, and comfortable life. Wants to work on sale.

Alexander Borovsky, art critic: He did amazingly beautiful landscapes and portraits, in general terms they can be called a symbolist, in terms of aesthetics - these tapestries. This is a typical Art Nouveau and from ... how to say ... art dekoshnye moments were foreseen Brodsky. Very good salon, but at the same time, expressive, bright and very professional art. Salon-academic elements, plus even certain symbolist avant-garde trends of the time. Wonder antiquarians valued then and now, Brodsky - a very expensive artist.

Natalia Balakina, director of the museum-apartment IIBrodsky: The Academy of Fine Arts, he developed a style of "openwork". Students are admonished for imitation Brodsky. Including this style copied by Boris Grigoriev, then each Brodsky.

Arkady Ippolitov, art critic: "Yes, he was a salon artist, his studio was a trendy salon.

If not a revolution, Brodsky, over the years would be a successful, well-selling artist - such as Konstantin Makovsky, or Henry Semiradsky. But the revolution has decisively changed the balance of power in the art world in Russia. Private orders almost ceased. The only customer was the state. The artist, who had no past service to the revolution, had to prove their need for power here and now - with his skill and ideological conformity to the spirit of time. Brodsky succeed. Even during the Civil War, he portrays Lenin and became the official chronicler of the Second Congress of the Comintern.

Alexander Borovsky, art critic: He was like a professor of the Transfiguration of the "Heart of a Dog" Bulgakov. Specializes in the art of the highest class.

In Brodsky's no political convictions. Have to write Lenin - here's Lenin, Trotsky - Trotsky. And gradually it turns - the lack of political principles does not repel a new power, and vice versa - attracts. Authorities ordered the artist - makes.

Alexander Borovsky, art: The painting "Lenin on the tribune, the main character is depicted next to Trotsky. Then Trotsky had written, because he was in disgrace, instead of Trotsky had written worker. He did it very easily and lived like a gentleman - a solid ration, a beautiful apartment, a luxurious collection. He also helped other artists.

Yulia Demidenko, Historian: This Lenin in Smolny, the People's Commissar for skiing. On one side is portrayed official, Lenin or Voroshilov, for example. At the same time, these figures appear as if in an intimate atmosphere, a completely non-employed business.

In the 1920s Brodsky holds a unique position among his fellow artists. He officially is the Association of Artists of Revolutionary Russia, the so-called AHRRe, which are grouped realists, continuing the tradition of the Wanderers. Participation in AHRRe largely involuntary, because on the other side of the barricades leftists avant-garde, for whom Brodsky, with its deliberate academic and ideological omnivorous persona non grata. "Ahrovtsy" themselves, in turn, not zhaluyut Isaak. Even trying to expel him from their ranks, he bourgeois element, a fragment of the past. But Brodsky tall defenders, and its not so easy to throw.

Lev Lurie: U Isaak Brodsky was such a wonderful quality - he always liked the bosses, especially the Communist Party. Was no exception Mironovich Sergei Kirov. Once Brodsky for Baku Council wrote his famous painting "The shooting of twenty-six of the Baku commissars," Azeri communist organization then headed just Sergey Mironovich. Since 1926, the Kirov Leningrad to command, he closely communicates with Brodsky and publishes a special order - to give the artist Brodsky a studio room which was over his living quarters. In this vast space for the then Leningrad, Brodsky wrote portraits of heads of state and multi-figured compositions, primarily related to historical and revolutionary plots, with the image of Lenin. Here on a huge stretcher was painting, he outlined the basic contours, and then his assistants - Veschilov and Spirin - develop the technical side of things.

Alexander Borovsky, art critic: He was a contemporary of virtually all major figures in the Russian avant-garde, he came out of the same environment. But someone went to Suprematists, someone went to the short story, someone went to the Socialists, and Brodsky became the main Soviet-salon painter of his time. The amazing phenomenon: it appears that the elite, the old Bolsheviks, yesterday prisoners and victims of tsarist fell on his soul was he.

Yulia Demidenko, historian: memoirists of the time wrote that through Brodsky could do everything. He was in favor with the authorities, his improbable effect noted everything.

Brodsky is ready to comply with any order of power, as an artistic and political. In 1926 in the Kremlin there is an idea to lure in the USSR Ilya Repin. Persuade your teacher to move from the prosperous Finnish communist Leningrad taken Brodsky.

Lev Lurie: In the mid 1920's, the Soviet Union wants to return from Western Europe who had emigrated there major figures of Russia's culture. For a country that the Soviets would be an admission that it had chosen the right path. Maxim Gorky, after much persuasion back from Capri, Alexei Nikolayevich Tolstoy returned to Leningrad, but Ilya Repin hesitated. And in order to persuade this major artist here was sent to a representative delegation headed by the favorite pupil of Repin Isaac Brodsky. Included in the delegation of three artists - Grigoriev, Katzman and native. And here, in the office of Repin and in the workshop were long conversations. Brodsky described as a wonderful living artists in the country of the Soviets, and how perfectly I could live Repin, if he returned home.

Brodsky's name becomes a household word. In the Leningrad artistic environment of the 1920's so-called artists who live by the principle: "What, sir?". It is not in the traditions of Russian art, which are formed by the Romantics, aesthetic and ethical beliefs are sacred to them. In 1930 Brodsky once invited to dinner persecuted by the authorities, ever in need of Pavel Filonov. Although Filonova this meeting could be very useful in everyday terms, and to Brodsky he treated better than most of his colleagues, the guests he did not go - be ashamed.

Alexander Laskin, writer, cultural studies: It is known that Brodsky has covered a magnificent table, Filonova waited, and Pavel lived, in fact, half-starved. But he declined the meal and the invitation because he did not want to spoil his biography. Biography for Filonova still had something more important than worldly affairs.

In the early 1930's Brodsky's position is extremely simple: "Do what the bosses, and enjoy the benefits that it offers in return." His apartment and studio are located directly next to the Russian Museum in the former apartment Vilegorskih, where Pushkin's time was a famous literary and musical salon. Brodsky also a kind of salon. His eagerly attended by the representatives of the Leningrad artistic intelligentsia.

Lev Lurie: This luxurious apartment in the city center, which occupies two floors, produced on his contemporaries Brodsky indelible impression. Many envied him terribly, but if you think about nothing in particular luxury was not there. In three rooms, besides Brodsky lived another eight people. Lived two sisters, his wife, at one of these sisters had a son. In addition, Brodsky brought from Berdyansk talented young man named Belousov, who studied at the Academy of Arts and lived here. There was, of course, housekeeper. Brodsky's son moved here from his first marriage, Eugene. Family contain pets: two dogs and a bird. So it was not a luxurious complex of court painter, but rather some kind of Noah's ark.

Dmitry Buchkin, artist: Every Thursday in the apartment Brodsky entry was free: coming artists, actors. I remember well from artists such as Pavel Andreev, singer Mariinsky Pechkovskii. Arkady Rylov, of course, was a frequenter.

Lev Lurie: the Soviet Union under Stalin focused on the image of the great empires - France from Louis XV to Napoleon or Russia since Catherine the Great. The main poetic genre - the ode, but the main feature - a portrait of a ceremonial leader. Isaak Brodsky paints Stalin as he wants to see yourself, so how should see his subjects. This is the canonical image of the head of a great state.

In the thirties Brodsky's career to a new level. He did not need anyone to prove anything. In the twenties it do not take the avant-garde. Now they simply not exist. We establish a socialist-realist canon. In painting it is the next Akhatist Repin school, formed the Brodsky. He is an artist's number one contemporary and disciple of Stalin's number one artist in the history of Russian painting - what now recognize Repin. It is headed by Academy of Art Brodsky at a time when the Soviet artists set the task to realistically depict the country's achievements in building the communist future.

Ekaterina Andreeva, art critic: Objective Brodsky was precisely in order to pacify this environment, to establish the normal operation of this facility. Students should have taken up the challenge that confronts them Soviet country: for example, the creation of portraits of the leaders (this was the highest academic genre). It was necessary to revive and develop a system of academic genres. Importance was the choral genre pictures, more services have already passed some people need: still lifes, landscapes for restaurants and hotels, design, architecture and so on. Apparently, this task he had mastered all this to work.

Dmitry Buchkin, artist: Up to Isaak Brodsky Director of the Academy was a man of oil that everything that has been created, that is, the great Russian realist art, considered trash, which must be destroyed. The sculptures were thrown from the Academy into the yard, dashed, they paved the street, pictures of the old artists were cut into pieces and given to students that they have written on them, the canvas was a deficit. Burliuk said that Repin be thrown in the trash, realistic art that nobody wants, you must create a new revolutionary art.

Alexander Zhuk, architect: Isaak with a terrible effort restored the Imperial Academy of Arts. Anyway, I came there as a museum as a temple. There was a very special atmosphere, in offices, in the rector's office could see the real time of the Italian Renaissance furniture. It was a very impressive sight.

The official Soviet art of 1930 puts on the so-called fellow travelers - ideologically neutral masters, ready to perform high quality public order. In the literature it is Alexei Tolstoy, Isaac Dunaevskii in music, film Grigory Alexandrov. In painting the same bet is made on Isaac Brodsky.

Alexander Borovsky, art historian: He became the chief nobleman of our art. He had a strange Broken optics: even when he showed the shooting of demonstrators, the image is decomposed into color, the shadows on the line. Some appeared bliss in this, as it may seem.

Ekaterina Andreeva, art historian: Y Brodsky was one feature that made him a man out of competition in artistic environment. If you look at the photograph, which depicts Brodsky, drawing, Lenin and the famous painting "Lenin in Smolny", you'll see that this is just the same kind. Brodsky worked as a camera. And that was to the Soviet regime.

Political storm bypassed the thirties Brodsky. Neither he nor any of his family are not subjected to reprisals. The Academy of peace and quiet. In policy Isaak never at a loss, and the policy it is interesting only if you want another portrait of another dignitary. The court artist away from the court, living in an increasingly provincial capital of the former empire. The only passion which he had given unabated until the last days of his life, it is collecting.

Lev Lurie: Isaak Brodsky began to gather his collection of paintings and drawings still a student at the Academy of Fine Arts, where his teacher, Ilya Repin, the most fashionable and most expensive then the artist of Russia, gave him three of his sketch. But the main bulk of the collection of Brodsky gathered after the revolution - in the 20's - 30's, when the Petrograd-Leningrad was a true eldorado for collectors of Russian art. All these great collections have remained virtually derelict, their owners were shot in the cellars of the Cheka, were sitting on the Solovki, emigrated to Paris and Berlin, or roam the mountain here and sold recently. All this cost a penny or give away for free. And Brodsky, an important man, as the future head of the Academy of Fine Arts, located in the center of the art market. He knew where and what to rent for public storage, which can take just what to buy in a second store. Thousands of works housed in this apartment-studio. This is the second value in the St. Petersburg collection of Russian art, after the Russian Museum collections, but she belonged to a private person - the artist Isaac Brodsky.

Arkady Ippolitov, art critic: During my youth, the only place where you could see Chagall, a museum-apartment of Joseph Brodsky.

Yulia Demidenko, historian: Few people know that the end of Brodsky's life was marred by the very real criminal trials in the antiques Brodsky collected very good collection of your own, about what a big scandal erupted. Apparently, all the same power to put up somewhere, he joined her in the conflict. Whether he took someone from senior party members thing, then there is something happened. In any case, he was under investigation, it was saved from the ignominy that was written a will, according to which he gave after his death the entire collection to the State.

Isaak Brodsky died of leukemia in August 1939. He was only 54 years old. After the death of his name would be called in Leningrad, the street leading from the Neva to the area of Arts, which is where the Russian Museum and at the zenith of his fame lived his Isaak. On such an honor during his life is hardly dreamed of a native Ukrainian village under Berdyansk, whose parents were sent to learn from the architect and who accidentally became an artist. He dreamed of something else - the opportunity to earn their work and live in comfort. Both Brodsky received. Suddenly, he got more and glory, the glory of the first painter of the country of the Soviets.

Екатерина Андреева, искусствовед: Человек, который живет на площади Искусств, это редкая фигура в пейзаже советской культуры. Сравнивать его можно только вот с Алексеем Толстым или с Максимом Горьким, у которого был свой собственный особняк в Москве. Я думаю, проживи он еще лет десять, ему было бы уже значительно сложнее сохранять все это.

Александр Боровский, искусствовед: Это был культурный деятель. Останутся его музеи, его прекрасные собрания, которые он сохранил при всех поворотах жизни. Мальчик пришел в Академию художеств, настоял на том, чтобы войти в мастерскую Репина, обаял всех, любил жизнь во всех ее проявлениях, даже советских. Уникальный тип. Его легко ругать, его просто понять, это вечный тип художника при власти. Принцип уважать власть разделяет даже церковь иногда. Почему искусству не придерживаться этого принципа?

Лев Лурье: Cлово «художник» употребляется как бы в двух смыслах. Бывает художник с большой буквы - Рембрандт, Малевич, Крамской - то есть человек, который некоторым образом меняет движение развития искусства, а бывает художник с маленькой буквы, то есть человек, который занимается некой специальностью. Илья Ильф в свое время сказал: «Пока живы врачи-стоматологи, искусство не умрет». Есть художники, которые работают для тех, у кого есть деньги, чтобы купить картину и повесить ее на стену. Исаак Бродский - художник вот в этом, втором смысле слова, человек, которому все равно что писать, - детей, играющих в Люксембургском саду, или казнь двадцати шести бакинских комиссаров. Это мастер в хорошем, буржуазном смысле слова, художник на все времена.

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