Romanesque art

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Romanesque style, artistic style that prevailed in Western Europe (and also has affected some countries in Eastern Europe) in 10-12 centuries. (in some places - and in 13 in.), one of the most important stages of development of medieval European art. The term "Romanesque style was introduced in the early 19

  Romanesque style absorbed many elements of early Christian art, Merovingian art and culture of the Carolingian Renaissance (and, moreover, the art of antiquity, the period of resettlement of peoples, Byzantium and the Muslim Middle East). Unlike his previous trends of medieval art, which were local in nature, Romanesque style was the first system of medieval art, coverage (despite the feudal fragmentation caused by a huge variety of local schools), most European countries. The basis of unity of the Romanesque style was a system of feudal relations and the international nature of the Catholic Church, which was at that age the most significant ideological force in society, and due to the absence of strong secular central government had fundamental economic and political clout. The main patrons of the arts in most states were the monastic orders, and builders, workers, artists, scribes and decorators manuscripts - the monks, until the end of 11. appeared wandering artel masons, the laity (builders and sculptors).

  Some Roman buildings and facilities (churches, monasteries, castles) are often created among the rural landscape and the placing on the hill or on an elevated bank of the river, dominated the neighborhood as a kind of earthly "City of God" or a visual expression of the power of the suzerain. Romance buildings perfectly blended with the natural environment, their compact form and clear outlines how to repeat and enrich the natural topography, and local stone, often served as the material is organically combined with soil and herbs. The outer appearance of Romanesque style buildings filled with calm and solemn, grim force, to create the impression that a considerable role played by massive walls, heavy and thick which emphasized the narrow openings of windows and stepwise depth portals, as well as towers that are in the Romanesque style of one of the most important elements of architectural tracks. Romanisches building is a system of simple geometrical volumes (cubes, parallelepipeds, prisms, cylinders), which are broken down into the surface of the shoulder blades, arcature friezes and galleries, ritmiziruyuschimi array of walls, but do not violate their solid integrity. Temples of Romanesque architecture developed inherited from the early Christian basilica type of architecture and centric (often circular in plan) church at the intersection of the transept with longitudinal naves were built usually light or lantern tower. Each of the main parts of the temple is a separate spatial cell, both inside and outside clearly separate from the others, which largely was due to the requirements of the Church hierarchy: for example, the choir of the church was not available for the congregation, which occupied the aisles. The interior is measured, slow rhythms of arcades separating the aisles and arches, at a considerable distance from each other a lot of carved stone arch, bear unshakable sense of stability of the divine world order, this impression is reinforced by the arches (mostly cylindrical, Christ, cross-rib, at least - the domes) coming to the Romanesque style to replace a flat wooden ceilings and originally appeared in the aisles.

  If the early Romanesque style dominated by wall paintings, in the late 11 - early 12 centuries. When the arches and walls have acquired a more complex configuration, the leading type of temple decoration became monumental reliefs decorating the portals, and often the entire front wall and the interior are concentrated in capitals. In the mature Romanesque style flat terrain gives way to more and more convex, rich black and white effects, but always preserving the organic relationship with the wall, stuck in it or seemed to grow from its array. Age of Romanesque style was also the heyday of portrait miniatures, generally have large size and monumental compositions, as well as the various branches of decorative art: casting, stamping, carving on bone, enamel business, the arts of weaving, carpet weaving, jewelry.

 

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In the Romanesque painting and sculpture, a central place occupied by topics related to the notion of infinite and terrible power of God (Christ in Glory, "a terrible trial" and so forth). In a strictly symmetrical compositions unchallenged dominant figure of Christ is much larger than the other shapes. For a free and dynamic nature of narrative cycles took pictures (of the Bible and the Gospel, saints, occasionally - historical subjects). For the Romanesque style is characterized by numerous deviations from the actual proportions (the head is disproportionately large, ornamental garments are treated, the bodies subordinate to abstract schemes) through which the human form becomes a carrier of expressive gesture, exaggerated or part of the ornament, often without losing the intense spiritual expression. In all kinds of Romanesque art is often a significant role played by patterns, geometrical or composed of motifs of flora and fauna (typologically ascending to the writings of the animal style, and directly reflects the spirit of the pagan past of European peoples). Total system images Romanesque style, the mature stage belonged to the universal artistic embodiment of the medieval picture of the world, produced a characteristic of the Gothic cathedral as a kind of "spiritual encyclopedia.

  In the architecture where the original forms of Romanesque style appeared in the late

 10., The most widely used three-nave basilica with cylindrical vaults in the middle aisle and cross to the side, as well as the so-called pilgrimage church with a choir, surrounded by a gallery of bypass with radial chapels (the Church of Saint-Serna Toulouse, about 1080 - 12 in.) . In general, French Romanesque architecture noted the extreme diversity of local schools: a special monumental compositions tended Burgundian School

(so-called church of Cluny-3), to the wealth of sculptural decoration - School of Poitou (Church of Notre-Dame at Poitiers, 12.) Provence feature of churches is a richly decorated with sculpture, main portal (single-stage or three-span), which develops, probably motif of the ancient Roman triumphal arches (the Church of Saint-Trofim in Arles). Strict on decor Norman church clarity of their spatial articulation is largely produced Gothic (Church of La Trinite in Caen, 1059-66). In the secular architecture of Romanesque style in the prevailing type castle with a dungeon. To the top of the Romanesque art belong permeated powerful expression of Burgundian sculpture tympanum and langedokskih churches (lucky, Autun, MOISSAC), many cycles of paintings, miniatures of monuments and arts and crafts (including Limoges enamels).

  In Romanesque architecture distinguished Saxon School (church choir with two symmetric Z., and B, sometimes with 2 transept, deprived of the front facade side (St. Mihaelskirhe in Hildesheim, after 1001-33)), and in the mature period - church architecture Rhine cities, where in 11-13 centuries. were built grand cathedrals (in Speyer, Mainz, Worms), are widely used so-called coupled system of overlapping, in which each grass middle aisle to have 2 grass side aisles. Characteristic for the German romaniki delusions of grandeur of the imperial authorities found clear expression in the construction of imperial palaces (Pfalz). In "ottonovsky period, Romanesque style (2 nd half of 10 - 1-st half of 11 cc.) Booming German book miniature (the most important points - the Abbey of Reichenau, and Trier), as well as the art of casting (bronze doors of the cathedral in Hildesheim). In an era of mature German Romanesque style is becoming increasingly important and stukkovaya stone sculpture.

  In Italy, the elements of the Romanesque style previously only conceived in the Lombard school, which is already in the 9-10 centuries. formed the so-called First Romanesque style (regular masonry walls and pillars, stone floors, tectonic decor external surfaces in the absence of a clear relationship has elements of three-dimensional arrangement). For the Italian Romanesque style typical of predominantly urban character of architecture, ancient and constant (in Southern Italy and Sicily), the Arab influence. More closely connected with Germany and France romanikoy architecture of Tuscany (the cathedral complex at Pisa), which emerged inkrustatsionny style.

  In Spain, partly due to the Reconquista, in the Romanesque era of widely (more than anywhere else in Europe), launched the construction of castles, fortresses and city walls (eg, Avila). The church architecture of Spain is often followed by the French "pilgrimage" prototype (the cathedral in Salamanca, ill. See in art. Salamanca), but in general are relatively simple composite solutions. Spanish sculpture Romanesque style in some cases anticipate the complex imagery of the Gothic. In Spain (mainly in Catalonia) also preserved numerous Romanesque painting marked a sharp image lapidary and extreme intensity of color.

  The Romanesque style is also developed in Britain (after the Norman conquest of 1066 in architecture is a local tradition of wooden architecture combined with the impact of the Norman school, and in the leading role was painting miniatures, characterized by a particular richness of ornamental plants), in Scandinavian countries (if the large city churches It should be mostly German designs, the parish and rural churches clearly appear the characteristics of local identity), in Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary. Outside Europe, the centers of Romanesque style were castles built by the Crusaders in the 12-13 centuries. in Palestine and Syria (castle Krak des Chevaliers,

12-13 cc.). Some features of the Romanesque style, due not so much direct influence as some similarity ideological and artistic problems, manifested in the art of ancient Russia (for instance, in architecture and plasticity of Vladimir-Suzdal school).

  Lit.: The Universal History of Art, v. 2, Bk. 1, Moscow, 1960; General History of Architecture, Vol 4, Leningrad - Moscow, 1966; Grabar AA, Nordenfalk S., Romanesque painting from the 11 th to the 13 th century,. ., (1958); Conant. J., Carolingian and romanesque architecture. 800-1200, (Nagmondsworth, 1959); Demus 0., Romanische Wandmalerei, Münch., (1968); Fillitz., Das Mittelalter, Bd,., 1969; Francastel., L "humanisme roman,. - Hayt, (1970 ).

  ET Yuvalova.

Romanesque arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_art

Not a bad collection of muralshttp://ica.princeton.edu/mills/index.php

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The frescoes of the churches:
St. Clement in Tauli
St. Eulalia in Estatsion
El Burgal
Santa Maria in Añú
Sant Per in Urgente
San Kuirz Institute Pedret

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Romanesque art

San Baudelio de Berlanga in Soria
Santa Maria de Tauli

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Romanesque art

Carpet with scenes of the Creation of Girona.

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Romanesque art

Romance icons from the Catalan Museum.