Among the " old , cozy , routine forms " were rejected revolution and patrons and collectors , museums and old . First, in the declarations and practice garde contemporary art museums to organize , then the planned economy Stalinist totalitarianism is born a new system of organization of the artistic process , new forms of relationship the customer, artist and viewer. Nationalization museums and press release artists from the power of capital and the taste of a private collector , the understanding of creativity as a socially useful , productive labor required to completely change to the functioning of art in society. Public contracts and procurement have become the main way of earning artists, private market - insignificant in size, was under the watchful eye of suspicion and government agencies. Happened in those years redistribution huge flows of nationalized art treasures , largely perceived as a purely economic resource , led the creation of public repositories where determined the fate of works - including the newly purchased . Under different names , with different departmental affiliation such repositories have been an important element in the functioning of the Soviet art system .
Organized as " Management of exhibitions and panoramas " in 1940 , the collection was to keep the product remaining after the ambitious exhibition " The Industry of Socialism " and its branch "Food Industry " . Gradually accumulated in her work with other megavystavok era - the anniversary of the army , which took place every five years, the huge postwar " All-Union " yearbooks . Something turned out to be inappropriate in public collections , other work delayed for small and prestigious foreign agitation and propaganda exhibitions or for transfer to a museum . As a result , after a considerable part of socialist realist works was at different times , for different reasons repressed , the archive has been one of the most interesting sources of knowledge about the art of this dark period.
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Most of the paintings of socialist realism was written and intended for exhibitions. No matter how evolved their fate - they fell in museums, socially significant interiors or settled in the archive works were " ... not only disparate units in practicing general narrative line." So wrote critic N.Schekotov about the paintings of the exhibition " The Industry of Socialism " , as we perceive these products and now , finally folding of disparate pieces and mixed up grandiose plans new exhibition. Unable to ignore the facts - every painting ordered by the artist and created not just as clear in advance and left out in detail on separate " Thematically, the exhibition" story , but had to fit into the hundreds of other stories , and together with them - present major ideological theme throughout possible entirety .
It would be interesting to understand exactly how these pieces - now stored in the archive Rosizo preserved in one together. Why were near brilliant - even too "Portrait G.V.Zhukova " Vasily Yakovlev painting disappeared from the art scene after 1938 , when the Union of Artists found him insufficiently qualified former ahrovtsa Arcadia Friedrich of exiled from Moscow in 1941, a German emigrant Heinrich Vogeler , painted portraits of Stalin leading specialists in the image of the leader - Brodsky Efanova , Nalbandian.
Painted pictures , as expected, has been doing everything else in the new society - according to plan. As with all other plan gets challenging the order of works , artists traveled around the country demanded funding that whenever lagged . Debug the system each time something prevented - that high politics , slanting artists, and even more - their high patrons , the major ideological company, the petty intrigues . During production of exhibitions authorship blurs - invent yourself painting was once , to the same - in terms of economic , it is risky to allow themselves this luxury only the most famous artists . The theme and title of the exhibition tells , and " Temnik " then comes into play consultants and jury otsmatrivat sketches, handing out orders , ready to accept work.
Perception of " order " artists - separate complex topic. For them to compete fiercely , sometimes - gathering to beat the band, but " order " with shy . One of the leaders AHHRa , Katzman wrote proudly : " during the revolution I have done no more than ten orders. Everything I write (including contract work for Vsekohudozhnika ) never disagree with my creative ideas, with the installation of the fact that a good picture should be filled to the brim with the idea . " Ideal for the artist was to be the situation when the order came from his own heart and mind , getting his thoughts and feelings , connecting with the aspirations of millions of our compatriots . Personal strategy was rejected - the very purpose : to describe the time of his heroes , thought collective . Artist acted not only on its own behalf . Mayakovsky wrote : " 150 million master name of this poem ... 150 000 000 says my lips ."
Collective artist needed not only a collective customer . About public concern should be and was fate works. They are not intended for private interiors - not only due to the fact possible collector would stop and the size of the product - the more that people lived uneasy , most luxurious apartment at the time was kept relatively modest scale of the work. And for artists who worked on the show , had a significance not only because for large paintings paid more , they have attracted more attention , more prized . As stated artist Tsvetayev "I believe that this megalomania , it is the result of a rush of inner feelings that swept artists along with the growth of our country ."
After their exhibitions partially dismantled - the right of first refusal was at the Tretyakov Gallery and the Russian Museum , sent all sorts of questions, organizations, museums of the province, with military exhibits selected works actively military organizations - some of them came as a result of the Museum of the Army. Broke not only more or less complete picture , things remained orphan forced organizers put a lot of effort to produce the most part ordered and paid for paintings fantasize about museum Voroshilov , Soviet art museum , etc. It is suggested to make the exhibition " The Industry of Socialism " constant. But in the complex situation changes all the time , and when the exposure action temporarily had to paint faces on some pictures, shoot others when opening day could be delayed for years in anticipation of the supreme order, closed storage was relevant and reliable . Especially because of its tasks was complex than simple conservation works.
Tretyakovskaya gallery and exhibition in New York , for example, selected masterpieces of the most honored artists , some of which are now known only by name, sometimes - from reproductions - " Unforgettable Encounter " Efanova , " Sergo Ordzhonikidze at a meeting of workers in heavy industry in 1936 " Alexander Gerasimov , the triptych "old masters " Kukryniksov , New Moscow " Pimenov ." The work of young , little- known artists - 800 of those that are attracted to work on the exhibition " The Industry of Socialism " often received only chance to survive in the archive . Especially because a significant portion of their authors who started in troubled revolutionary years is not too cope with the task of constructing a picture , was not taught to write figures in complex angles, there were problems with the painting technique and paint themselves . In general , though claimed art , summarizing the military cooperation of artists that "participation of Soviet artists in these inserts helped eradication naturalism and especially formalism led to the creation of the most valuable works of painting, sculpture graphic was the development of the arts in general , to put it a number of masterpieces There was nowhere .
It is in the state repository preserved evidence of hostile activities " militant terrorist group of Moscow artists " on which were shot in April 1938 by the time the former leaders of the Russian Association of Proletarian Artists ( RAPH ) LP Vyazmenskaya , FD Konnov, A. P . Severdenko and YI Tsirel'son ... Surprisingly, despite the vigilance , regular cleaning , timely elimination of the Union of Artists enemies of the people , their wives and brothers , paintings were not destroyed , not disappeared, like many others. Apparently , the names crossed out and forgotten so quickly that communication was lost with the works of the authors .
Portraits of Stalin wrote in incredible numbers - known authors copied themselves , then do lists obscure copyists , numerous copies were distributed reproductions . Actually initially , most of the portraits of the leaders of the Party and the government was ordered for future reproduction . Nevertheless , after the denunciation of Stalin great number of his portraits have disappeared without a trace. Preserved in the archive , mainly - samples of mass production , including the author's copies , remained unique monuments of his time.
Gradually , over the years open archive resources , roll out the shaft and restored work, enriching our understanding of the era . And gradually it becomes clear how carelessly it was a totalitarian state in their heritage , how little is left of the exhibitions , which were attended by several hundred artists, visiting hundreds of thousands of spectators , which was worked out a whole system of orders, missions, consultations and approvals. Of course, much of the work done for them in a hurry, as it was customary to say " hands in pockets , feet in the grass ."
Established in 1950 , became the successor to the Art Exhibitions and Panoramas " Zagorski Archive appeared a new type of collector - anonymous, secretive , not the public , not too picky . Special artwork files at Zagorsk State Museum -Reserve incorporates a variety of things - from the avant-garde of the repressed and a few, in a historical perspective , and later banned images Stalin to quite respectable works. only fault of new prisoners to the archive of pictures was that their style, drawn up as a result of breaking many destinies , could not resist another volte-face did not fit the time to debunk the old idols , and along with the all-powerful managers of arts organizations , the major artists of the country.
03.01.2014, 20:56
Realism: Inventory archive 2014
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