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Part 1. Painting of the Vladimir Cathedral in Kiev
The history of the Vladimir cathedral
Now Kiev hard to imagine without the Vladimir cathedral. The idea of the Vladimir cathedral belongs to Metropolitan Filaret Amfiteatrov. Actually, his idea of creating a cathedral in Kiev in honor of St. Vladimir has been approved by the Synod, and Nicholas I in 1852, then began to raise funds, and up to 1859 were collected about 100 thousand rubles., Moreover Pecherska Laurus has donated one million bricks.
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But for the enormous, with thirteen domes, the project Vladimir cathedral architect Ivan Strom was not enough. Therefore, the diocesan architect Paul Sparro significantly reduced the project, leaving only seven domes, but from the construction management refused, citing his time. The work was entrusted to Alexander Beretti, who introduced the draft of the Vladimir cathedral opposite changes - leaving the outlines of the temple is practically unchanged, increased its size in half. It is for this project cathedral was laid in the day over. Vladimir July 15, 1862
Four years later, when construction of the Vladimir cathedral was almost completed, the walls of the Vladimir cathedral suddenly began to crackle under their own weight. While looking for the guilty and considered various plans for saving the Vladimir cathedral, took another ten years. Only in 1875, Alexander II, while in Kiev, drew attention to this "long-term construction and immediately ordered him away. By next year, Rudolf Bernhard developed a final draft of the Vladimir cathedral, the embodiment of which took architect Vladimir Nikolayev. He managed to eliminate the emergency situation and in 1882 completed construction of Vladimir's Cathedral (which thus lasted 20 years).
Interior Vladimir's Cathedral in the style of ancient temples originally designed the same Nikolaev, but this work Prahov interested in Adrian, who used their government connections, made in 1885 to design the cathedral were built to his design and under his leadership. On the paper were brought Viktor Vasnetsov, Mikhail Nesterov, Pavel Svedomsky, William Kotarbinsky, Mikhail Vrubel, pupils Murashko. Painting (mostly in ancient themes) was completed in 1896, and the cathedral was consecrated August 20, 1896
Vladimir's Cathedral was dedicated to the Baptist of Russia - St. Prince Vladimir. External and internal appearance of the temple is designed by architects in starovizantiyskom style, what ancient Russian churches built during the Saint Vladimir and Yaroslav the Wise. St. Vladimir's Cathedral was founded in 1862, but its construction, complicated by technical difficulties, dragged on for almost thirty years - from 1862 to 1896. The solemn consecration of Vladimir's Cathedral was held August 20, 1896 in the presence of Emperor Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra Feodorovna.
Vladimir's Cathedral is a traditional Russian architecture for shestistolpny church with three apses, topped with seven domes. The length of the Vladimir cathedral is 55 meters, width - 30, and height, together with the cross - 49 meters. Building's facade is decorated with mosaic works by the artist A. Frolov. On the massive bronze doors of the main portal of the Vladimir cathedral can be seen cast bronze reliefs with images of Princess Olga and Prince Vladimir the Saint.
Vladimir Cathedral in Kiev - is a shining example of the synthesis of art and architecture. Glory of the monument of outstanding cultural significance Vladimir's Cathedral was largely due to its unique paintings. Cathedral painted a group of prominent artists: Russian - VM Vasnetsov, MAVrubel, MV Nesterov, PA Svedomsky and VA Kotarbiński under the general supervision of Professor AV Prahova. Prahov is the author of a number of projects, details of the interior, in particular - the bronze doors. In decorating the interior of the Vladimir cathedral mosaics participated and masters of Venice. The overall theme of the Vladimir Cathedral painting - "The point of our salvation." This was narrated as a significant theme songs from the Gospels, as well as symbolically outlined the history of the Russian church: it symbolizes the thirty pieces of Russian saints: martyrs, saints, princes, the holy women - the whole history of Russian Orthodoxy, all impulses, the seeker of truth and heroism ...
VM Vasnetsov, 10 years Kiev creativity.
The main role in building the temple murals of the Vladimir cathedral belongs Vasnetsov. He sang 15 tracks and 30 individual pieces. Vasnetsov painted the main aisle of the Vladimir cathedral, which, besides the Gospel stories, a great place is occupied by large-scale historical compositions: "The Baptism of Prince Vladimir" and "Baptism of Kiev, as well as portraits of the canonized Russian princes: Alexander Nevsky, Bogolyubsky, Princess Olga. Brushes Vasnetsov a central arrangement of the altar of the temple - The Virgin and Child.
For someone who first enters the Vladimir Cathedral, the strongest impression is the image of the Virgin. In the flickering twilight of gold, with light clouds, cold and gently lit dawn, Virgin easy and slowly goes to meet the audience: The Queen of Heaven is a sinful world his Son ... The traditional image of Our Lady was under the brush Vasnetsov extraordinarily original and unique interpretation. This image is called "GVARDIYSKE Virgin. Her large, full of sorrow and love brown eyes look kindly on the viewer. Extremely well her pale face lit up by internal light. The image of Our Lady is full of love and human beauty.
The original sketches of the painting Vladimir's Cathedral was preparing MAVrubel, but they were not accepted as final. Brushes Vrubel owned the painting of the right nave of the cathedral. Authorship MV Nesterova has 4 iconostasis of the side aisles, composition "Christmas", "Resurrection" and "Epiphany" and a number of icons of the main temple and chapels. Among them, especially an icon Holy Prince Boris and Gleb and the Holy Princess Olga. Written against the background of the typical "Nesterov" landscape, the image of Prince Gleb the sad poetry - like a premonition of imminent death from the hand of the murderer lies in the glow of inspired face of the young prince ... Svedomsky Kotarbiński together and performed 18 songs and 84 separate pieces of painting Vladimir cathedral. Among them are the dramatic and tragic pathos, is exceptionally realistic composition "The Last Supper, Christ before Pilate," "The Crucifixion", vivid images of ancient Princes Bogolyubsky and Igor's, the hero of the Lay. "
Multi-colored marble from Italy, France, Belgium, Russia and Spain decorate the interior of the Vladimir cathedral. Made of marble and mosaic floor of the Vladimir cathedral. Rich silver utensils for Vladimir cathedral made famous jewelry companies Klebnikov.
Vladimir Cathedral immediately drew the attention of contemporaries. Its artistic merits hotly debated, they are much debated, but the fact that this building has found its bright and powerful embodiment of the rapid rise of Russian art of the late XIX century, no one disputed. Contemporaries unanimously named Vladimir Cathedral in Kiev, "the first inspirational work of Russian religious art."
Since the work on the "Stone Age" Vasnetsov, Nesterov says, "was asleep and saw the painting of large walls. Meanwhile, in the early 1885 Adrian Prahov, who led the work on the interior finish just built by the Vladimir Cathedral in Kiev, the artist invited to participate in the mural in the church, he did not agree.
But hand in this work, Vasnetsov dedicated to her ten years of his life. He put it all the passion and the anxiety of his soul, in it he attempted to realize his aesthetic ideal of creating art in the grand style, just returned from the closed world of collections and museums where it can serve the mass of ordinary people in their everyday lives.
One important task for Vasnetsov has overcome a kind of "split", which was formed from the end of XVIII century, between the clergy and of peoples, on the one hand, and the intelligentsia, with drugoy, in their attitude to the Russian icon painting.
For two centuries, the traditional icon-painting gradually being replaced as "antiquated medieval" works "the Italian letter" to the religious themes of the Academy of Arts, slightly different from the secular paintings. Entire ancient iconostasis replaced at this time for work performed in the academic spirit.
And the people shunned the paintings on the walls of the temple, respect, according to Mikhail Soloviev, an icon and choosing to pray in front of small analoynymi images created by simple painters in the spirit of traditional iconography.
According to the Vasnetsov, the temple was the place where could have happened "reunification" of the intelligentsia and the people. Umbrella, for both, could become a resurgent church art, accessible and comprehensible to all, expressing the national beliefs and ideals.
The basic idea behind the program, developed by Adrian Prahov for interior finishing of the Vladimir cathedral, a memorial church, dedicated to the 900-letiyu Baptism of Russia, was understanding the religious history of Russia. Since the overall theme of painting the cathedral became a "history of the Russian faith, the main attention was focused on the development of historical fact relating to the baptism of Prince Vladimir and Kiev, and Russian saints canonized figures of Old Rus and devotees of Russian Orthodoxy.
At the artist went to most of the work - the central nave, the dome, the image of the main iconostasis. In preparation. To work in the temple, Vasnetsov acquainted with the monuments of early Christianity in Italy, studied the mosaics and frescoes of St. Sophia Cathedral in Kiev, frescoes and Cyrillic Mihailovskogo monastery in Kiev.
He has already had the experience of the traditions of ancient Russian art - monuments of Novgorod, Moscow, Rostov and Yaroslavl architecture, the study of the Moscow Old Believer icons, portrait miniatures of ancient Russia, folk art.
This experience is most evident in the interpretation of artist images of outstanding historical figures of ancient Russia. He wanted to show his characters living history participants, benefiting from the chronicles and lives of the saints, Scripture, art and culture and folklore, the materials of archeological excavations in museum stores. Warriors defending awn independent homeland, are clad in heavy armor Andrew Bogoliubsky and Alexander Nevsky. People's ideas about smart, strong-willed, determined and inflexible rulers embody the image of Prince Vladimir and Princess Olga.
Connection realistically interpreted by the figures and background, according to the conventional manner of Russian icons and miniatures, ornamental frames for all figures and scenes were part of that peculiar style which was developed Vasnetsov in the Vladimir Cathedral and went into the everyday life of Art titled "GVARDIYSKE style.
Great impression produced in the cathedral altarpiece of the Virgin. The colossal figure of the Virgin with the Christ-child in her arms, she of the shimmering golden light in the upper polvine altar apse, prevailed over the entire space of the nave. With the simplicity and humanity embodied in the image of the Virgin artist beauty of femininity, strength and infiltration of maternal feelings of spirituality. At the same time he was pronounced national type of Russian beauty. No wonder Virgin Vasnetsov was one of the favorite images immediately after the consecration of the Vladimir cathedral. Reproductions from him could be found in many houses of Russia in the late XIX-early XX century.
Working in the cathedral, Vasnetsov, of course, could not rely solely on their own performances, artistic experience and knowledge of, or be guided by their emotions and fantasies popyvami. He had to constantly check whether it agrees with the spirit of the Church, with canon, and much has been drawn to discard if the sketches seemed insufficient church. After the sketches were to be taken by the church, and its meetings are not always smooth.
In August 1896, all forests in the cathedral were removed and could have a complete idea of the success of GVARDIYSKE painting was enormous. He was devoted to articles, notes the study. They gained an extraordinary popularity and were repeated at the end of XIX-early XX century in many churches in Russia. Individual plots are widely reproduced in the press. In Vasnetsov seen "genius herald a new direction in pelirioznoy painting.
At the beginning of XX century in the relations V. Bacnetsova and artistic community prizoshlo some cooling, increasingly began to sound harsh criticisms. This was largely due to the discovery of authentic ancient icons.
"I myself thought that I entered into the spirit of Russian icons and all that, I expressed the inner world of the painter of that time that I learned is already out of pride - the technique of the old time. Okazalos, however, that I was profoundly mistaken. The spirit of ancient Russian icons appeared many times higher than I thought. The inner world of painting at that time was much richer in a spiritual sense, than the spirit of our time, or my personal or Nesterova, and we are far from their equipment to their picturesque effect. " -that was the view of the Vasnetsov.
This feedback, a courageous and gorkoe recognized masters, who believed that "there is in Russia for Russian hu-dozhnika holier and more productive things as decorating the temple.
Not all of the Vladimir Cathedral in Vasnetsov happened as he mechtalos, not all the intentions of the master have been implemented. But the task of creating a large hudozhestvennogo style, set here by the artist, was for Russian art novatorskoe great importance.
Magazine "World of Art" wrote about sobore: "Since Vladimir Cathedral can not agree, but it must be considered as a significant artistic proizvedeniem sovremennogo and an outstanding monument of Russian religious consciousness."
From the memoirs of Vasnetsov Benoit: "On Vasnetsov very soon after it began in 1886 for a list of Kiev Vladimir's Cathedral, there were rumors that out of hand it turns out something sublime and holy, a kind of new revelation. K the end of this work, this rumor has spread from uzkohudozhestvennyh circles in all Russian educated society. Gradually he became convinced that Vasnetsov guessed the very depths of the Russian religious outlook and that he created murals on monumentality and the sanctity of equaling only ancient Byzantine and Italian models. When as a visiting Frenchman, Baron de Bai was delighted with the creation Vasnetsov, and even dared to print in a small pamphlet, to express this enthusiasm, while a "blessing" of Europe finally reinforced the Russian public opinion, to a hair's breadth as an enthusiastic article about Italian Bryullov and Bruni appeared in his time something like laurel wreaths, derived straight from Parnassus. "
Vasnetsov contributed to the success, however, another factor is not particularly weighty in substance, but which took more time force, namely: a fashion in the early 90-ies mysticism that is so incidentally coincided with the revival of official religiosity. How to "Pompeii" praised our unsubstantiated and underdeveloped romance, along with the most hostile to the romanticism of the academicians, and now Russian dilettante mysticism agreed on an evaluation of paintings Vladimir's Cathedral with the representatives of the church and the formality of pomp, to which they should have, in essence, to fight . "
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Part 2. History of Martha and Maria monastery in Moscow
Temples and painting
May 22, 1908, the feast of the Assumption on the Big Ordynka held in Moscow on the bookmark Cathedral Church of Intercession, which was built until 1912 by the architect A. Shchusev to a modernist style with elements of ancient Novgorod and Pskov architecture. Nesterov created here known their songs "The Way to Christ," depicting 25 figures, "Christ of Martha and Mary", "Morning of the Resurrection, and cupola Safaofa image of God and the face of the Savior on the portal. In the Protection church was organized secret staircase leading to the underground vault - her painted Corinne on the story "The path of the righteous to the Lord."
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The main temple of the Protection of the Blessed Virgin Mary Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna ordered Alexei Shchusev, but all the other buildings in the same style seasoned, carries us into an idealized old Russia, as are the fruit of his inspiration. In the ancient spirit of completed masonry arch entrance, through braces, barred slits in the wall of the monastery can peek inside the sprawling property, creating the impression Nesterovsky landscape. Inside the temple, they say, creates "a sense of tranquility, simple and affordable human holiness."
In the ensemble is dominated by the monastery built by AV Shchusev in the neo-Russian style church of Mary and Martha in the hospital building (1909) and the Cathedral of Intercession (1908-12), a compositional center of the whole ensemble: cubic, shestistolpny with heavy bulbous head on a massive high drum and strongly emphasized teeth poschiptsovogo coverage. In its architecture are used together, plastically expressive forms of ancient architecture of Novgorod and Pskov, in a tense, somewhat exaggerated mass concentration, in a vigorous step outline of the silhouette and details of individual freedom of stylization is viewed beginning inherent in the Art Nouveau style. The interior of the monolithic expanse of wall interspersed with carved crosses of ST Konenkova (1910); over sculpture elaborated white stone portal of his work - a mosaic image of the Savior Not-Made MV on the design of Nesterov. Preserved the magnificent murals in the neo-Russian style of Art Nouveau, Nesterov performed in conjunction with PD Corinne and AD Corinne (1911). On the territory of the monastery are squat, asymmetrical gate with a gate (on the drawing Schuseva).
History.
Founder and first abbess of the Moscow Martha and Maria monastery was the Grand Duchess St. Elizabeth Feodorovna. In 1894 he held the wedding of her younger sister Alice of Hesse and Nicholas II. Grand Duchess became involved in charity and help the homeless, the sick and poor. When in 1904, opened the Russian-Japanese war, it is sent to the front hospital trains, food, clothing, medicines, gifts and even hiking churches with icons and utensils, and in Moscow has opened a hospital for the wounded and the Committees on charity for widows and orphans of military personnel. It was at that time princely couple began to patronize the Iberian community in Zamoskvorechie, where trained nurses. After her husband's death Elizabeth Feodorovna, completely removed from the secular and court life, divided the jewelry into three parts: the first was returned to the treasury, the second given to next of kin, a third went to charity, and mainly on the creation of the Martha and Maria monastery. Large plot with luxurious garden princess acquired the money from the family jewels and sold from the mansion on the Fontanka River in the northern capital.
"Abode of labor and charity has become a phenomenon unprecedented in the history of the Orthodox in Moscow. According to the concept's founder, her sisters were combined prayer and crafts with the help of the laity, and poor people could find themselves here, and comfort, and real help, especially qualified medical - good doctors in Moscow have worked at a local free hospital, and at special courses at the monastery, taught Sisters of the basics of medicine. Particularly they were prepared to care for the terminally ill, not comfort them hope for recovery is imaginary, and helping to prepare the soul passing into eternity. In addition, the nurses were in hospital at Abode, in orphanages, hospitals, and helped the needy and poor families with many children - in a Superior collect charitable donations from all over Russia and has never refused assistance to the laity.
In the same abode taken Orthodox girls and women from 21 to 45 years. The sisters were not given the monastic vows, not wore a black, could go out into the world, calmly leave the monastery and marry (Pavel Korin, who worked on the painting of the cathedral church of the monastery, he was married to her former pupil), and could become a monk and a haircut. Sometimes, believe that St.. Elizabeth originally wanted to revive the ancient institution of deaconess.
Spiritual power for a long time could not reconcile with such an original idea of the monastery, where the main objective was to provide practical assistance to the poor laity. The idea of St. Elizabeth still materialize because she was a sister of Catherine the Great. Her and nicknamed "the high mother, bearing in mind not only the San people, but also the growth of the Princess.
In the monastery on Ordynka were built two churches, a chapel, free hospital, pharmacy, dispensary, dining room, Sunday school, a shelter for orphaned girls and a library. On the outer wall of the monastery hanging box where throwing a note asking for help, and those requests received up to 12 thousand a year. Mother Superior of the monastery was going to open offices in all provinces of Russia, to arrange a skit for a country gone to rest Sisters and in Moscow itself organized in all parts of the orphanages, almshouses, and to build a house with cheap apartments for workers.
St. Elizabeth bequeathed to bury themselves in the monastery: after the heart has chosen Russia as his second home, she decided to change his will and wanted to find peace not in the Palestinian Church of St.. Mary Magdalene, and in Moscow, within the walls of the monastery. In memory of the same grace in her youth visiting the Holy Land, on the facade of Protection Church was depicted view of Jerusalem, with the rotunda and dome of the Holy Sepulcher Church of Mary Magdalene. 12 bells of the belfry of the temple were deliberately chosen by "Rostov bells" that is sounded like the famous bells of Rostov the Great. One of the pre-revolutionary local historian pointed squat appearance cathedral church, "to the ground pegs," "earthy, working nature of the temple, as if embodying the plan of the entire monastery. Outwardly very small, almost miniature shrine was calculated per thousand population, and requires both lecture hall. To the left of the gate under the pines set sineglavuyu chapel, where the sisters read the psalms for the dead sisters and philanthropists of the monastery, and where the nights are often prayed herself prioress.
Autumn 1909 was consecrated by the second hospital in the name of the monastery church of Sts. Martha and Mary - intended abbess was arranged so that seriously ill, not getting out of bed, straight out of the chambers through the open door could see the divine. The next year, when the monastery opened, St. Elizabeth took in its walls monastic vows - dedicated it to the monk St. Metropolitan Volodymyr (Epiphany), the future new martyr, who died in Kiev in January 1918. In April 1910 at the all-night vigil on special compiled by the Holy Synod of the rank is done devoted to the 17 nuns, along with St. Elizabeth to become Christ's sisters, and the next morning for the Liturgy. Elizabeth was elevated to the rank of abbess of the monastery. Bishop, turning to St. Elizabeth said: "These clothes will hide you from the world and the world will be hidden from you, but at the same time will be witness to your charitable activities, which will shine before the Lord in His glory."
Superior lived as an ascetic, spending time in prayer and in the care of seriously ill patients, sometimes even assistiruya medical staff on operations and doing his own dressing. According to the testimony of patients, most of the "Great Mother" was based on some sort of healing power, which is beneficial for them and helped to recover - is healed many of those who are already denied access to doctors, and the last abode of hope remained. Very same prioress always drawn to patients with a principal means of
Superior sisters actively out in the world and treated leprosy society: helping orphans, the terminally ill, the poor, the inhabitants Khitrovo, which the princess tried to persuade her to give children in foster care. She organized a dormitory for boys, which then amounted gang messengers, and for girls - home workers with cheap or free apartment, where they safeguard against hunger and the streets. Christmas trees suited for poor children with gifts and warm clothing, made by hands sisters. She opened a shelter for the terminally ill with tuberculosis. Consumptive women embraced the princess, unaware of the danger to her embrace, and she never shied away from them. She helped the prioress and the clergy, especially in rural areas, where there were no funds to build or upgrade a temple, priests, missionaries in the Far North and other outlying regions of Russia, Russian pilgrims who went to visit the Holy Land. At its facilities had been built Russian Orthodox church in the Italian city of Bari, where the tomb of St. Nicholas. The relics of canonized St. Elizabeth Feodorovna buried in the Church of the Blessed Virgin.
After the revolution, the monastery has not been touched and helped with food and medicines. In order not to give rise to provocation, the prioress and sisters almost never came out of the walls, and every day he served the Liturgy. Gradually, the authorities were selected to the Christian island of: first, sent questionnaires to residents and to heal, and then arrested several people from the hospital, and then announced the decision to transfer orphans in an orphanage. And in April 1918, at Bright Tuesday after Easter, in the monastery served as liturgy and prayer of St.. Patriarch Tikhon, who gave St. Elizabeth last blessing. Immediately after his departure, the prioress was arrested - she was not even given we ask two hours to pack, selecting only "half an hour. Farewell to the sisters, under armed guard Latvian riflemen, she left in a car accompanied by two sisters - his beloved assistant Varvara Yakovleva and Catherine Yanysheva. In the courtyard of the monastery in 1990 opened a monument to founder of the monastery, Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna (sculptor V. Klykov).
Martha and Maria monastery lasted until 1926, and then another two years it operated a clinic, where they worked under the guidance of former sister Princess Golitsyn. After her arrest, some nuns were sent to Turkestan, and others created a small vegetable garden planting in the Tver region and survived there under the guidance of Fr. Mitrophan. After closing in the Cathedral of the monastery opened the city theater, then home health education, and the Martha and Mary Church - outpatient them. Professor F. Reina. Her temple holy icon of the Myrrh-handed in the next zamoskvorechenskuyu Church of St. Nicholas in the blacksmith, in the former convent set up a statue of Stalin. After the war in the former Public Protection church housed restoration workshops, transferred here from St. Nicholas church at Bersenevke. Until recently, the organization under the name Artistic and restoration center it. IE Grabar occupies zamoskvorechenskoy monastery. And in the Martha and Mary Church back in the 1980's the laboratory of All-Union Institute of Mineral Resources and room equipped with exercise therapy in a former church gym.
Revival of the Martha and Mary Convent of Mercy started in 1992, when the decision of the Moscow city government architectural complex of the Martha and Maria monastery was transferred to the Moscow Patriarchate. Keys to the main cathedral of the monastery - Protection of the Blessed Virgin Mary - was built by Alexander Shchusev painted V. Nesterov, and P. Korin, were returned to the Church of the All-Russia scientific and artistic restoration center named IE Grabar only in late 2006.
In September 2008, the monastery was re-established and open for visitors.
In the monastery are now apart of the Temple here are: shelter, hostel for orphan girls, charity dining room, the service department store and church plate. Sisters of the monastery are working in military hospitals, research institutes "first aid" to them. NV Sklifosofskiy (burn and trauma department).
Address monastery: Ul. B. Ordynka, 34, m. "Novokuznetskaya"
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February 4, 1905 in Moscow, IP Kalyaev bomb killed the governor-general of the Moscow Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich.
By the way, in almost every city in Russia there is a street named in honor of ... no, of course, not in honor of Vel. Sergei K., and in honor of his murderer, threw a bomb-Kaliayev. In Moscow, for example, is ...
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Cyril, and the People of Alexander II? After all, they were committed over a dozen assassination attempts: he was shot, he tried to kill with a dagger, mined the dining room of the Winter Palace, the royal train was blown up in the imperial crew threw bombs, etc. By their persistence and ingenuity of hunting on the king has no equal. And not only him, but his office ... And, all this to him previously have foretold a clairvoyant. By the time of Alexander II came to power the country was seriously ill, but as the king of all could live in such a situation? Could in fact drive you mad, become paranoid.
Well, the People were certainly obsessed with his idea, furious. : eek:
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Talashkino known almost as widely as Abramtzevo. There - Savva Mamontov, here - Princess Tenisheva. It is thanks to her Talashkino became artistic center, known throughout Russia.
Maria von Moritsovna Dezen (name of his stepfather) and Mary Klavdievna Pyatkovsky was born in St. Petersburg in 1867. According to the memoirs O. de Knapp was illegitimate daughter of Alexander II.
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At 16 years old when she married lawyer Raphael Nikolaeva, Maria quickly disappointed in family life. Despite the objections of the family, taking a little daughter, she went to Paris to study vocal. Returning from abroad, Maria Klavdievna even closer to the childhood friend, Princess Catherine Konstantinovna Sviatopolk-Chetvertinskoy, to Score has invited a young woman to stay in his ancestral estate Talashkino. This happened in 1884, since then this place the best pages linked life known patron.
In 1892 she married Prince VN Tenisheva, an exceptional man, intelligent, interesting, indifferent to the music. Next year Vyacheslav gave his wife a birthday Talashkino, buying it from E.K.Svyatopolk-Chetvertinskoy. The new owners did not rebuild the wooden one-story on a stone podklet manor house, but only filled it with paintings, watercolors, sculpture, majolica. Appeared here and theater, converted from the old wing. And most importantly, were open art studios: embroidery, carving, pottery, enamel.
In 1894 he purchased Tenishevs near Talashkino kh Flenovo for the organization of an agricultural school. Pretty soon were constructed school building, library, dining room, bedrooms, bee-keeping museum, weather stations, home teachers. "Princess Talashkino Tenisheva agricultural school level I had a large orchard, vegetable garden, berries, beekeeping and fish farming, and" demonstration farm. Near the hill was built the temple of the Holy Spirit. Actually what we see now - this is Flenovo.
From the very Talashkino after the Great Patriotic War, almost nothing left except the park. But the feeling center of artistic life is not gone away. A wonderful museum in Flenovskoy school and attics unusual church, magnificent views ...
The picturesque hilly landscapes successfully complemented in Flenove unusual buildings. In 1901, the project artist SV Malyutina was erected fabulous "Teremok. Initially, it placed the library for students of agricultural schools.
Building itself is very original. His fantastic paintings, scrolls monstrous flowers, strange beasts and birds, it resembles a house reminiscent of folk tales.
Inside - evidence of artistic life Talashkino. Here come the musicians, actors, artists. Many of them stayed for a long time and worked in the estate: Alexander Benois, MAVrubel, K. Korovin, AA Kurennoy, MV Nesterov, AV Prahov, IE Repin, J. F. Tsionglinsky. Repin and Korovin In Talashkino portraits mistress - Tenisheva.
But the real glory of these places brought Talashkino art studios, opened in 1900. To lead the new business invited artist SV Malyutina. Over the five years of existence in a carved, carpentry, ceramics and embroidery workshops were built many household items from children's toys and balalaika to entire sets of furniture. The sketches were made for many famous artists: Vrubel, Malyutin, Korovin et al
In the former agricultural school now launched an interesting exposition, indicating the opposite direction of Tenisheva. In Talashkino was assembled one of the largest collections of folk art.
Main acolytes princess in the collection, storage and study of folk art became VI Sizov, AV apart, and JF Barshevsky, known for his photographs of ancient monuments. For Talashkino museum was selected set of products of wood, tiles, fabrics, laces, etc.
At the top of the hill in 1900 - 1905 was built the Church of the Holy Spirit. It is believed that the project worked JF Barshchevsky, Tenisheva, SV Malyutin and VV Suslov. The building received an unusual and very expressive. In 1903, in the temple shrine was buried Prince VN Tenishev, after the ruin of the tomb, in 1923, reburied in the village cemetery.
Invited to paint the church of Nicholas Roerich. Above her ornament he had worked since 1908 po1914 year, but the deviation from the orthodox canon caused that the church was never consecrated. Unfortunately the painting is not preserved (in Soviet times, the temple was a warehouse, grain dumped from the truck through the window). Surviving smaltovaya mosaic "Holy Face" gives an idea of the style Talashkino works of Roerich.
In Talashkino, or rather Flenove, really nice to walk: around the beautiful, interesting, quietly.
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In 2000 the publishing house "Giraffe" album of Mary Nashchokin "One hundred architects of Moscow Art Nouveau." There are many unrealized projects temples. Beauty fantastic, sorry only that the album black and white.
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03.03.2009, 18:46
Part 1. Painting of the Vladimir Cathedral in Kiev
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