As Rublev "buried»
In February 1947. Institute of History of Art Academy of Sciences. At the meeting agenda sectors of architecture and painting - the report of Peter Baranowski, legends of Soviet architectural restoration of the school. Legend Peter D. was still in life: to his credit scores were saved from destruction by architectural masterpieces of the Soviet Union. The most famous - St. Basil's Cathedral on Red Square and Kolomna. In Kolomna he was arrested in 1933, spent three years in a Siberian prison camp, went to the mandate of the impactor Siblag: "Work in the USSR - a matter of honor, valor and heroism thing." For Baranowski characterization is true, then the Soviet government was not mistaken.
But in that memorable February 1947, the indomitable Peter D. worried. He was supposed to announce his startling discovery - namely, how, when and where he was buried "master painter" of Russia, Andrei Rublev.
"In 1939, among other significant materials that are received from M. J. Baranowska-archivist Professor N. Chulkov, working with him over the" necropolis of Moscow, "was inscribed with epitaphs of Andrei Rublev. For comments, which were in this line, it was possible to definitely judge that it was made famous by our scientists to the XVIII century. Gerhard Miller. From him the inscription came to NI Novikov and then some ways to hit Chulkov "- read to the assembled its report Baranovsky. It should be clear that MU - Is Maria Y. Baranowska, wife of Peter D., an expert on the history of the Decembrists and the foremost authority of his time on the Moscow cemetery.
Next, Baranowski said that the inscription was made on the board, which Miller saw on the wall of the Cathedral of Savior of the image in Andronicus Monastery - the place where Rublev spent the last years of his life and created his latest creation: painting the Savior Cathedral.
Thus, among the materials historian Miller, who died in 1783, it was only a description of the funeral board the burial place of Rublev. Board located on the outer side of the cathedral Andronicus Monastery and was "... a white stone with incised letters inside, length 10 inches, width - 8 inches (board collapsing). Many of the letters has been lost, "Summer 6938 (1430) ... chen ... ka Ignat ... Chosen ... Saturday ... noschi ... Han ... Andrew ... pisasha icons holy ... m. .. prozv ... Rublev ... Schema ... exceedingly decorated ... Being in this ...».
In this case, "the first record, recorded with the balance board, GF Miller, did not survive. The first copy of it, taken Chulkov, also did not survive, the second copy, taken Baranovskaya in the archives Chulkov has the following features:
1. Survived the year 6938, but it does not give an exact date as may be 1429, and 1430 In order to determine the year, it is necessary to know the month.
2. Survived an indication of the holiday that day. There is every reason to say exactly this: "in memory of the martyr Ignatius of Antioch."
3. Survived an indication of the day of the week: "Saturday." It is easy to compensate for the absence - on Sunday, especially since this is further clarified by the words "in the night."
4. Did not survive the month, and the number of hours. "
Next Baranowski claims that he was able to completely reconstruct the text of the inscription:
"Summer 6938 (1430) of January, in the 29 day memory /of St. Ignatius Martyr of our father /transfer of the relics of Antioch on Saturday in ... /Hour noschi reposed monk of the monastery of the Saviour Androneva Andrew /preizryadno pisasha memorable icons of saints /husband nicknamed Rublev died in schema /dobrodetelmi exceedingly adorned his life in this world /... years, and was buried in this place byst. "
Thus, the court shall Baranowski scientific community just two sensational discoveries: first, fully confirmed by the fact of a burial in Andrei Rublev Andronicus Monastery, secondly, the exact date of his death - January 29, 1430. Baranowski goes even further - suggests to the exact place of burial Rublev. In his report he states that the most likely Rublev buried at the northwest corner of the Savior Cathedral. The fact that the southern and western side of the cathedral were added to the porch, but the north remained intact, that "was the result of respect for the people buried in a respectable person."
Academics support a coherent version of Baranovsky unconditionally. January 29, 1430, Andronicus Monastery. One of the few "axioms" in the biography of the great icon painter. For most - and to this day. And for researchers Rublev's life and work - until 1984.
- In 1984, when Peter D. died, we threw in his archive to look for the legendary label, "the board". Looking for a long time. But even a hint of these materials in the archives Baranovsky was not, - said Lilia Mikhailovna Yevseyev, head of research department of the Central Museum of Ancient Russian Culture and Art after Rublev, which is located on the territory of Andronicus Monastery. - We have already suggested that a report on the time and place of burial was a big gamble Rublev Peter Dmitrievich, but after his death, learned this definitively.
There are various ways to call what has taken with regard to the history of Rublev Baranovsky: adventure, scientific hoax, "lies salvation." The true meaning of the report was extremely simple. Andronicus Monastery after the revolution was due to demolition as insignificant religious monument. This question was delayed - built there camp Cheka for white officers, and then - a colony for homeless children, a dormitory for workers at the "Hammer and Sickle", Archives General Directorate of military tribunals ... After the war, the idea of demolition of the monastery came back again. And then very useful Baranowski makes his sensational report, which shows a unique value Andronicus Monastery in the life and work of Andrei Rublev - icon painter, recognized by even the Soviets: the name is listed in the decree Rublev CPC from 1918 on the establishment of monuments in Moscow revolutionaries, scientists and artists , signed by Lenin. On a project of the monument in 1918 Rublev worked sculptor VA Vatagin, but three-meter track has not been established.
- I think many at the meeting in 1947 knew that it meant his report Baranovsky. After all, no stove, no inscription no one saw it as a very sharp "surfaced." In addition, simple plaques monks, which was Rublev, in the first half of the XV century, did not put. But Peter D. supported, since its purpose was clear: to save Andronicus Monastery, - summed Lilia Mikhailovna.
Following the report of artists headed by Academician Igor Grabar was sent to the Central Committee inviting them to restore the Holy Andronicus Monastery and open a museum of ancient art of Andrei Rublev. The mission was carried out Baranovsky, the historic gap in respect of the Russian genius - "full". Grave of the great artist will be looking for, but later - after Rublev "give birth".
As Rublev's "birth"
Year 1959. Saved by Baranovsky Andronicus Monastery in 1949 as a museum. Its director, David Hitch Arsenishvili, all these years living in the vestibule of the Savior Cathedral, waiting for the issue of restoration of the monastery will move forward. But there is no progress: the money to restore the temples not identified, people living in the buildings of the monastery, not relocated. Year after year passes in petty squabbles: the struggle for the summer shower that tenants have erected near the Savior Cathedral, a soccer field at the site of ancient burial sites. Unable to stand, David Hitch decided to involve the public. Feel free to share and adventure, as it did before Baranovsky.
- First Arsenishvili went in the trash. Gathered there broken chairs, repaired them. Why? Do you think that you need for the meeting of this "public"? Need to sit down! - Lilia Mikhailovna smiled.
On chairs with garbage came critics, architects, professors, and leaders of the Academy of Sciences. Arsenishvili called and representatives of foreign embassies, but this initiative was strangled on the vine. The museum was in such poor condition that Moscow officials were ordered "not to disgrace." However, money for the restoration of the meeting did not attract, and therefore officially open the museum was not.
- Somehow managed to get to Arsenishvili Ilya Ehrenburg, the famous writer and journalist. He responded to a request for assistance, together began to think how to solve the problem of the restoration. And it came up with! They decided that the 1360 year - a possible birth year Rublev. According to the chronicles, he died aged man, so that date, although it was totally fictitious, had a right to exist. Ehrenburg this information conveyed to the UNESCO in 1960 and moved for the second year of Andrei Rublev. They have agreed. Information reaches the CC: as it is, the whole of Europe will celebrate, and we have a complete breakdown. Money allocated immediately, restoration completed just a year - says Lilia Mikhailovna.
The museum was opened to the public September 21, 1960. By the time the last tenants were evicted Andronicus Monastery, one of the walls to recreate, conducted a large-scale restoration of the Savior Cathedral (saved Baranovsky, today he is the oldest temple in Moscow outside the Kremlin): removed the altars of the XIX century, rebuilt drum, echoing the historical forms, and enhanced building suddenly made a sensational discovery - this time without any mystification. The fact that the fire of 1812, killing all the frescoes of the cathedral, which carried Andrei Rublev. There was not the slightest piece - because of the fire collapsed a drum inside the cathedral, all burnt to ashes. But before the fire, at the beginning of the XIX century, three altar windows for unknown reasons, laid the bricks. When they opened the restoration, we found only in Moscow, is well preserved fragments of Rublev - ornamental painting on the window slopes.
In the bustle of the restoration work, new discoveries and functioning of the museum about a fictitious date somehow forgot that Arsenishvili, of course, was a great luck. The failure of them to Ehrenburg versions could easily prove, but by coincidence did not happen. Then the date of birth Rublev, as is often the case, settled in the pages of textbooks and reference books. And perhaps because of this imaginary "anniversary" Tarkovsky, though not immediately, but was allowed to make a film about Andrei Rublev, in which the humble monk has gained flesh and strength in the phenomenal performance of Anatoly Solonitsyn.
Rublevskoe place
Search the exact place of burial in the Rublev Andronicus Monastery began in the second half of XX century. In the manuscript collection of the beginning of XIX century from the collection of the Yaroslavl Historical and Architectural Museum-Preserve was discovered recording made by the originator of the collection, postrizhennikom Jonah. Jonah is an excerpt from a spiritual letter from Joseph Volotsk story about the iconographer - students Andronicus and Sava - Andrew and Daniel, and supplements from a "sanctity of both evidence and written calendars. The holy relics of the same buried and rest in the volume Andronieve monastery under the old belfry, which have recently been devastated, and place compared s land, for they walk on it every lyudem and unclean, and thus betray forgetfulness (memory) of those of their holy relics " .
XVII century bell tower, the walls of which, apparently, was buried, Andrei Rublev, destroyed in 1803 during the construction of a new bell tower, which, in turn, was dismantled on the bricks in the 1920s and 1930s ...
To conduct large-scale archaeological excavations can not afford, even though the contours of the old bell tower were found with the help of special equipment. Also developed a version according to which the relics are buried under the altar Rublev part of "the Savior Cathedral»
http://strana.ru/places/19087007. There archaeological investigations were conducted, and under the altar indeed found tombs dated to the XV century.
- It was stated that one of the bodies belongs to Andrei Rublev. Researchers led these arguments: the bones of the deceased revealed elevated levels of mercury. So this is an artist who had to deal with mercury paint. But absolutely no evidence that artists downright "saturated" with mercury. Here in the letter by copper - yes, it was very hazardous industry. And the church, and our museum, of course, very much like to believe that it is found Rublev. But at this level of technology we have no right to it - says Lily Yevseyev.
For several centuries the monastery cemetery were buried hundreds of people - not only monks, but also the color of the Moscow nobility, and commoners ... Even if it is dug the whole territory, identify the remains of Rublev is not yet possible. Perhaps a clue to give new written sources. But will they be - also a question.
See brush designs Rublev on the slopes of the Savior Cathedral window is not possible today - they are located in the altar area, the entrance there for obvious reasons, is closed. Instead, open a unique exhibition of copies of frescoes Rublev from the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir. They performed in the 1960s and 70s artist Nikolai V. Gusev, who served in the theater of Stanislavsky. Once he got to the Ferapontov Monastery, where he saw the frescoes of Dionysius, and then sent a telegram to the theater: "Please fire me. I will copy the frescoes. "
Gusev's time to find Arsenishvili and ordered him a copy of Assumption of frescoes. Ironically, the museum exhibition - a unique opportunity to see the Cathedral of the Assumption eyes Rublev. During the restoration of the cathedral in the 1960s, the frescoes were so poorly ponovleny. Gusev was possible to copy the most accurate way: to restore the original painting was kept out of the layers of dirt and grime. When these layers are removed, the frescoes are literally crumbled to sand.
In 1988, Andrei Rublev was the only artist of the Russian Orthodox Church canonized. This momentous event, however, had no effect on the fate of the works of the holy icon painter. Rublev frescoes in the Cathedral of the Assumption in Zvenigorod Township continue to disintegrate, corrupt state of the restoration of frescoes in Vladimir Assumption Cathedral of the scientists directly called catastrophic. But miracles occurred and are occurring: recently in the Annunciation Cathedral of the Kremlin were found fragments of frescoes, made with the participation of Andrei Rublev - and yet they were regarded as completely lost after the collapse of the cathedral in 1416 and the great fire of 1547, which remained in the annals record: "Deesis Ondreeva Rublev letters with gold coated ... Pohorje. " Found fragments provide an opportunity to make decisions about the original scheme Rublev's paintings.
Thus, on the fragments and crumbs, we have to look for genuine Rublev accretions of centuries-old legends, myths and hoaxes noble. Perhaps even more than once his work will have to save efforts of scholars, ascetics. Yes and a small area of the Saviour-St not yet issued all of its secrets and intriguing promise of new discoveries. Saved for posterity Savior Cathedral, "the church Kamen exceedingly red, signing chyudnym decorated in memory of their fathers' hands icon painter Andrei," hedgehog, and to this day sees all the "remaining principal" place of Moscow "Andrei Rublev.
09.11.2011, 15:05
The mystery of the fate of Andrei Rublev
Древовидный вид
Похожие темы