Who were these people, requisitioned paintings, prints, sculptures, porcelain, manuscripts and ancestral archives? Whether they were moral people? How to respond to the lawlessness of Soviet power? For collectors do not want to voluntarily give up its treasures. "Emissary" was very much, and what is most striking among them was a lot of culture. Some went to serve for a piece of bread (perhaps they were the majority), others - from the false notion of class ideas, others - from the career considerations or the desire to enrich themselves.
On the performance of managers is worth special mention. Attempts to nationalize the palatial estate of the Imperial Family, together with works of art have been made by the Provisional Government, but too short was its existence. On the right of private ownership it would never dare to touch. This idea came from the lips of "stormy petrel of revolution" by Maxim Gorky. The newspaper "New Life" on June 21, 1917 article "U.S. millions," he expressed his belief that $ 20 million collected in the USA in Russia for the purchase of works of art - an astronomical amount, and the Americans can easily buy up "Sun?". And he proposed to publish the deed of time (until the time!) Ban the sale of private collections.
But is the February Revolution abolished the right of private property? And why Gorky suddenly made a "defender" of culture? Have we not been Benoit, Makovsky, Weiner, Count Tolstoy (Director of the Hermitage), Bunin? Or at the imperial palace servants poorly guarded art treasures? His speech - the course of a Trojan horse, a trial balloon: put everything on the account, and then act according to circumstances. Lenin had already told him about its future policy in the sphere of culture.
More - more. After October Bitter is the main mouthpiece of expropriations. The newspaper "New Life" June 10, 1918 in the next skit, talking about that are sold abroad, the Russian artistic relics, said: "How many we had in Russia, the beautiful things of the greatest significance, and artistic, and scientific, but all disappeared. So sorry that it did not occur in time to gather them, a museum - how well it was! ". But it was the demagoguery and a smokescreen, nowhere did not disappear. Otherwise, there was no need to issue decrees on nationalization.
In October 1918, the Bolsheviks issued a "Decree on the registration and admission to the accounting and preserving monuments of art and antiquities in the possession of private individuals, societies and institutions. At that time, had already been nationalized galleries SI Shchukin, IA Morozova, IS Ostroukhova and AV Morozov. Nationalization of all, including private collections, was programmed action of the Bolsheviks.
Most vile items "Decree on the registration ..." read: "<...> 4) registered by the owners of objects or collections are assisted in their preservation and are given special security certificates. <...> 11) culprits in the failure of this decree are responsible to the fullest extent of the revolutionary laws, including the confiscation of their property and deprivation of liberty.
Security certificates are in fact Filkin letters were intended to calm the collectors, but never respected. For example, Ostroukhova who received one of the first such letter, proclaimed it "a museum of painting and iconography," all the time it took away one exhibit or another.
With regard to liability, while the collector guarded his collection - he was needed, but as soon as it was nationalized - at best, followed Solovki or inner prison of the Cheka, in the worst - to be shot. Save yourself the one who was going abroad: SI Shchukin, VO Girshman, MK Tenisheva, AK Shervashidze, NI Butkovskii etc. Of course, they were arrested for collecting activity, but the class hatred of the "socially alien elements". Others were transferred to the category of "disenfranchised persons", ie deprived of civil and voting rights, which resulted in the lack of bread cards, jobs, homeownership, etc. Interested in the life of these people suggest reading the book Prince SM Golitsyn Notes survivor, OV Volkova etc.
For the purposes of nationalization was a special department of the Museum. There were also parallel organizations: The College for Museums and Monuments of art and antiquities, the Division of Fine Arts Narcompros, Bureau of the Department of Accounting and works of art and antiquities, the Bureau of Art, State Museum Fund, Antiques. Given that all these "educational" institutions have worked closely with the Cheka and acted in almost all provinces - get a single body of total robbery. At the head of the Museum Department initially stood IE Grabar, six months it has been replaced NI Trotsky.
Compromised themselves by working to remove collections NG Mashkovtsev, MM Khusid, IM Shchekotov, AM Efros, AP Muller A. Gryshchenko OI Tchaikovsky and many others. NP Riabushinskii collaborated with the Cheka, putting bodies on the little-known collections, for which he got right in his Paris shop selling confiscated. Virtually all employees of the Museum Division were engaged in this dirty affair.
At the head of the People's Commissariat of Education, who obeyed all museum institutions, stood AV Lunacharsky. He wrote a good article about the theater, the French artists, but as a man was weak and onions. He then handed in his resignation, then took them back. In fact, it was an "ardent revolutionary," skillfully develops the tactics of the nationalization of the country's cultural treasures.
In an article entitled "Soviet power and monuments" (1919) Lunacharsky, without batting an eyelid, he wrote: "<...> As for museums, they are in the perfect order, <...> they are very rich from the ferry them all works of art and Antiquities of the manor houses and estates. <...> It is around Moscow are protected.
Faithful assistant, he was IE Grabar, head of the museum fund. It was adventurous personality (echoes of this are seen in its thoroughly misleading book "My Life. Avtomonografiya, ML: 1937), he went to his goal no matter what. In 1922 he participated in the seizure of church property. Persistently said that in late 1920. He proposed to organize under its leadership in the Patriarch's vestry in the Kremlin workshop for forgery of icons. The proposal was met if "understanding".
In 1929, Grabar was sent to Germany, France, Belgium and Holland for the organization of exhibitions of ancient Russian art. At the same time abroad appeared first fake icons sold "well", none of the Western experts had not noticed anything. Icons forged primarily by XV - XVI century.
Soon after they overran the whole of Western Europe and America. Particularly affected the collection of the Rockefeller Foundation, the Louvre and the National Museum, Stockholm (assembly Aschberg). Some of the icons have returned to Russia at present as a gift, prompting rave reviews from scientists. On the remaining trials go as bills are issued for official signatures and seals.
In the field of trade in private collections nicely bothered MF Andreeva, "beloved of the Cheka, unwed wife Gorky. It has been a member of the CPSU (b) and a personal friend of Lenin. At one time it was her Savva Morozov was a testament to 100 thousand rubles, and soon committed suicide under suspicious circumstances. In 1919 - 1921 gg. she, a mediocre actress - Commissioner theaters and circuses of Petrograd, and in 1921 - 1931 - Commissioner for Trade artistic values (if authorized missions of the RSFSR). Gorky summed theoretical basis for the requisition, it - successfully selling seized on Western auctions. Here is a letter to Lenin in 1922, characterizing the lady from the art: "<...> We now have great hopes that we shall extract money in good currency for our" old ".
Along with this intensive selling came from the treasures of the State Repository for Precious Metals and the book fund, which sold the crown jewels, books from the library of Nicholas II and the grand assembly.
In 1930, the Museum department eliminated. No need for it no longer, since seizing Sun?. Terrible impression inventory of so-called nationalized in RGALI Museum Fund (Fund 686). Hundreds of books, in which close handwriting on every line listed paintings, prints, works of decorative art. How many readers saw the notebook thickness of 500 sheets each?
Thus, the entire saga for the removal of art treasures from private individuals took 12 years. This shows the enormous amount of private collectors in Russia. I can summarize this operation: 1) all collectors robbed (in other states, for example, in Germany, with the nationalization of paying the owners of the market value of works of art, as the Soviets was simply robbery), 2) paintings, tapestries, porcelain, antique furniture as a socially alien to the working people have grown old for next to nothing to trade in foreign auctions, ruining the private and public museums, 3) collectors have made second class citizens, 4) many of them were sent to prison, exile, were shot.
Let us at least a short list of sad ruined collectors, experts and specialists in collecting business. Disappeared in the Gulag, Alexander Ivanovich Anisimov. Executed in 1931, after four arrests Pyotr Weiner. In the process of Industrial Party was shot in 1929, Nikolai Karlovich von Meck. In Astrakhan shot Aleksandr E. Burtsev. He died of starvation in the Saratov prison Nikolay E. Lanceray.
At the dawn of the Bolshevik terror in 1918 and early 1919 killed members of the royal family, now sainted, and several members of the grand families.
At that time, Dmitri V. Ulyaninsky devoid of residence, service and book collection, went to the Kursk railway station and lay down under a train. Count Sergey Sheremetev died in his bed, but after searching and waiting for another outfit from the relevant authorities. Ivan Abramovich Morozov, committed suicide in a Berlin hotel, unable to bear parting with his collection. Alexander Chayanov shot in the Alma-Ata in 1937, Count Yuri Olsufiev - in the 1938th. In the 1930's. were arrested and deported many collectors and leading figures of the domestic affairs of a restoration: NN Pomerantsev, NP Sychev, PD Baranowski, GO Chirikov, PI Yoockin, PI Neradovsky.
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http://www.nobility.ru/?id=154
25.12.2008, 22:23
Reflections on the fate of Russian collectors
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